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BT_Step1_NTK > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac tamponade,

A

Compression of the heart by fluid (blood, effusions) in the pericardial space.

Increased intracardiac pressures limit ventricular filling and decrease cardiac output, leading to dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension, jugular venous distention, and muffled heart sounds/

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2
Q

What are the three symptoms known as the Beck triad?

A
  • hypotension
  • distended neck veins
  • distant heart sounds
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3
Q

Treatment of tamponade is _______________.

A

pericardiocentesis

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4
Q

Equilibrium of diastolic pressure in all 4 chambers of the heart is ~w/ ?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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5
Q

What are the “5 T’s” of neonatal cyanosis?

A
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Transposition of the great vessels
  • Truncus arteriosus
  • Tricuspid atresia,
  • Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR).
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6
Q

What is the Key to differentiation of transposition of the great vessels (TGV) from tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)?

A

TGV presents with cynaosis immediately after birth, whereas TOF presents later.

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7
Q

What neonatal defect results from the failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral. This manifests as neonatal cyanosis and often occurs in infants of diabetic mothers. It must be corrected with surgery.

A

Transposition of the great vessels

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8
Q

failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral leads to what neonatal issues?

A

Immediate cyanosis;

Transposition of the great vessels

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9
Q

What diz manifests as a S4 gallop and systolic ejection murmur along the left eternal border?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

*can see mitral valve regurg, d/t impaired mitral valve closure.

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10
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be treated with what?

A

Beta-blocker or Non-dihydropyridine CCBs

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11
Q

What antibodies may be found in a Pt. with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Anti-microsomal;

Such a patient would present with symptoms of hypothyroidism, not with the symptoms seen in this case. Antimicrosomal antibodies would not be present in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis.

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12
Q

What antibodies may be found in a Pt. with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBS)?

A

Anti-mitochondrial

Patients with this disease would present with symptoms of cirrhosis, such as fatigue, jaundice, and pruritus. Antimitochondrial antibodies would not be found in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis.

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13
Q

What antibodies may be found in a Pt. with Microscopic polyangiitis ?

A

Anti-neutrophil;

GI bleed is common sign of microscopic polyangiitis.

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14
Q

______________ is a small-artery vasculitis caused by the activation of neutrophils and monocytes by perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCAs).

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

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15
Q

Increased ______________ pressure leads to edema in congestive heart failure.

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

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16
Q

define: anasarca

A

generalized edema

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17
Q

__________ is an intravascular colloid that plays an important role in increasing the intravascular oncotic pressure and drawing water intravascularly.

A

Albumin

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18
Q

What happens to the oncotic pressure of the intravascular space when a pt. is hypoalbuminemic?

A

When a patient is hypoalbuminemic, the oncotic pressure of the intravascular space is decreased and water tends to flow out of the blood vessels into the extravascular space.

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19
Q

A 4-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with a fever of 40°C (104°F). His eyes are bright red, and he has an erythematous rash on his palms and soles. Physical examination reveals tachycardia and mucosal inflammation. A complete blood cell count reveals a normocytic anemia with neutrophilic leukocytosis and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

What is the Tx?

A

ASPIRIN!!!

This is KAWASAKI disease.

The ONLY time you give aspirin to peds.

Also give IVIG along with asa.

20
Q

What is one of the earliest physiological response to hemorrhagic shock?

A

Tachycardia

The sympathetic system is activated, which leads to vasoconstriction, cool mottled skin, hypothermia, acidosis, and diversion of blood from organs such as the kidneys.

21
Q

“Disorganized arrangement of myocyte bundles” is a classic pathology note ~w/ ?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

22
Q

What are the S/Sx that can help to differentite between GI (GERD-like) issue and CV issues?

A

CV causes will have:

  • shortness of breath
  • diaphoresis
  • Nausea
23
Q

What infection is ~w/ Polyartheritis nodosa?

A

Hepatitis B infection;

characterized by immune complex-mediated inflammation of medium-sized arteries.

24
Q

What type of HSR is Polyartheritis nodosa?

A

Polyartheritis nodosa = Type 3; immune-complex deposition

25
Q

increase JVP on inspiration instead of the normal decrase in JVP == ?

A

Kussmaul sign.

May be seen in:

  • constrictive pericarditis
  • restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • r. atrial or r. ventricle tumors.
26
Q

accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles = ?

A

WPW syndrome

“delta wave” seen in the QRS complex on ECG

27
Q

What is the ABVD tx regiment of Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

ABVD regimen:

  • Adriamycin [doxorubicin]
  • Bleomycin
  • Vinblastine
  • Dacarbazine

Cardiomyopathy is a well-known adverse effect of doxorubicin

28
Q

Dilation of all four chambers of the heart leads to what?

A

systolic dysfunction with subsequent decreased ejection fraction, narrowing pulse pressure, and jugular venous distention.

29
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathies are more classically associated with what heart sound?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathies are more classically associated with an S3 rather than an S4 heart sound on auscultation.

30
Q

What is the first-line medication for managing ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction.

A

Amiodarone

Its toxicities include pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, and hypo- or hyperthyroidism.

31
Q

What are the ADRs of Amiodarone?

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • hepatotoxicity
  • hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
32
Q

What are the clinical manifestations (S/Sx) of CHF?

A

CHF manifests with dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and peripheral edema with weight gain

33
Q

A pulsatile mass above the umbilicus, back and abdominal pain, and hypotension are highly suggestive of what?

A

an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

34
Q

What will increase the intensity of the murmur ~w/ mitral valve prolapse?

A

Valsalva;

increases intrathoracic pressure –> decrease in venous return to the heart and accentuates the murmur.

35
Q

ECG showing electrical alternans and a low QRS voltage is indicative of what cardio pathology?

A

Cardiac Tamponade;

electrical alternans is d/t to “swinging” movement of the heart in a large effusion.

36
Q

What CV pathology is ~w/ PR prolongation on ECG?

A

first-degree AV block

37
Q

What CV pathology is ~w/ no p-wave before a QRS complex (“dropped beat”) on ECG?

A

second-degree AV block

38
Q

What are the two types of second-degree AV blocks?

A

Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) and Mobitz type II.

39
Q

second-degree AV blocks: Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) == ?? aother.

A

nd Mobitz type II. Type I is characterized by progressive lengthening of the PR interval and then a beat is dropped. Type I is usually asymptomatic.

40
Q

second-degree AV blocks:

Mobitz type II == ??

A

Type II is characterized by a dropped beat, often of fixed ratio (ie, 2:1 being two regular beats per dropped beat) without PR prolongation, and can progress to third-degree AV block.

41
Q

What is third-degree AV block is characterized by ??

A

Atria and ventricles beating independently of each

42
Q

↓ stroke volume, ↓ ejection fraction, ↑ left ventricular end-systolic volume, ↑ maximum left ventricular pressure ===????

A

Aortic Stenosis

increases mac left ventricular pressure.

43
Q

What is the difference between NSTEMI and Unstable Angina?

A

In an NSTEMI, the death of cardiac tissue leads to the release of troponins into the bloodstream; in the absence of positive serum troponins, the syndrome is classified as unstable angina.

44
Q

What valvular issue refers to the retrograde flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole due to anomalies in the aortic valve or the aortic root

A

Aortic regurgitation, also known as aortic insufficiency

45
Q

Holosystolic murmur best heard at the lower left eternal border

A

patient most likely has infection endocarditis.

~w/ tricuspid regurg

BT_Step1_NTK (28 decks)

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