Cell Injury and cell death

Question 1

What happens in coagulative necrosis?

Which organs does it affect?

Answer 1

Proteins in the cell breaks down when the cellular fluid becomes too acidified due to reduced blood flow. Tissue stay firm and holds their structures.
Can affect all tissues, except the brain.

Question 2

Why does Liquefactive necrosis occurs?
What is the appearance of liquefactive necrosis?
Which organs does it affect?

Answer 2

Liquefactive necrosis occurs due to bacterial and fungal infections, when enzymes imbalances cause the cell to digest itself.
Dead tissues are softened and become liquid-like. Pus forms.
Can affect all tissues, including the brain.

Question 3

Which 2 diseases can cause caseous necrosis?

Answer 3

TB and histoplasmosis.

Question 4

Describe the appearance of tissues in caseous necrosis

Answer 4

Tissues are soft and cheese-like.

Cell structures are completely degraded by enzymes

Question 5

Which type of necrosis have calcium deposits?

Describe how fat necrosis is known

Answer 5

Fat necrosis.

In fat necrosis, damaged cells release lipases which degrades fatty cells.

Question 6

Which condition can have fat necrosis?

Answer 6

Acute pancreatitis

Question 7

What causes fibrinoid necrosis?

Appearance of fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 7

Immune complexes and fibrin deposited in the walls of vessels, leads to immune reaction.
Microscopically, thickened vessel walls with pinkish-red deposits that looks like fibrin deposits.

Question 8

What does gangrenous necrosis first present as? After that, what will it progress into?

Answer 8

Gangrenous necrosis first presents as dry gangrene (coagulative necrosis).
Then proceeds into wet gangrene (liquefactive necrosis)

Question 9

What are the two types of calcification? Which is associated with necrosis?

Answer 9

1. Dystrophic calcification (associated with necrosis, necrotic or damaged tissues, normal serum calcium level)
2. Metastatic calcification (associated with hypercalcaemia, Normal tissues, High serum calcium level)

Question 10

What type of necrosis will commonly result from fungal or bacterial infections?

Answer 10

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 11

Define pkynosis

Answer 11

Also known as Karyopyknosis, it is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing apoptosis or necrosis.

Question 12

What is often released from the mitochondria in the early stages of apoptosis?

Answer 12

Cytochrome C

Question 13

What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasm?

Answer 13

Hyperplasia is the increase in number of cells under control of hormones and GF
Neoplasm is the increase in number of cells that persist after cessation of stimulus.

Question 14

Is age related thymic atrophy a pathological or physiological atrophy?

Answer 14

Physiological atrophy

Question 15

Is osteoporosis a pathological or physiological atrophy?

Answer 15

Pathological atrophy

Question 16

Muscles increase in size from workout: Is this due to hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

Answer 16

Hypertrophy

Question 17

Is endometrial hyperplasia due to excess oestrogens pathological or physiological?

Answer 17

Pathological

Question 18

Give 2 types of benign neoplasm and state their differences

Answer 18

Adenoma and papilloma

Adenoma is a benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium but Papilloma is a benign neoplasm of non-glandular epithelium.