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Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics > Microorganisms > Flashcards

Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Label the bacterial structures

A

See notes for diagram

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2
Q

List the structures of a bacteria cell

A
  • Pili
  • Cell membrane
  • Mesosome
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Free floating DNA
  • Flagellum
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmid
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3
Q

What is the bacteria cell wall made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polysaccharide cross linked by peptide chains

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5
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

RNA and protein

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6
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Synthesis of protein from mRNA

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7
Q

What is the mesosome?

A

Infolding of the cell surface membrane

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8
Q

What is the mesosome caused by?

A

Cell damage in preparation for viewing under an electron microscope - an artefact

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9
Q

What is the capsule made up of?

A

Secreted slime and mucus

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10
Q

What are the functions of the capsule? - 3

A
  • Protection from the immune system
  • Protection from dehydration
  • Allows bacteria to form colonies
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11
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small double stranded loops of DNA

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12
Q

What can plasmids be used for?

A

They can be transferred between bacteria to exchange genes

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13
Q

What are pili?

A

Protein tubes

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14
Q

What can pili be used for? - 2

A
  • Allowing bacteria to attach to other cells

- Used in gene transfer of plasmids

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15
Q

What is the plural of “flagellum”?

A

Flagella

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16
Q

What do flagella look like?

A

Long and hair like

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17
Q

What are flagella used for?

A

Cell movement

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18
Q

Where is the DNA found in bacteria?

A

Floating free in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What does DNA look like in bacteria?

A

Coiled up in one long circular strand

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20
Q

What is the difference between DNA in bacteria - and other prokaryotic cells - and in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • No nucleus/chromosomes

- DNA is not folded around proteins

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21
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane?

A

Yes

22
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have pili?

A

No

23
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have flagella?

A

No

24
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have a cell wall?

A

Yes

25
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have free floating DNA?

A

Yes

26
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have plasmids?

A

Yes

27
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have a capsule?

A

No

28
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have ribosomes?

A

Yes

29
Q

What is the difference between ribosomes in bacteria - and other prokaryotic cells - and in eukaryotic cells?

A

Much smaller in bacteria and other prokaryotic cells

30
Q

How small are bacteria?

A

Only a few micrometers long

31
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually by binary fission

32
Q

Basic description of a virus

A

Nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

33
Q

What could the genetic material/nucleic acids of a virus be?

A

RNA/DNA

34
Q

Viral DNA can be one of two things

A

Double stranded/single stranded

35
Q

What size are viruses relative to bacteria?

A

Much smaller

36
Q

What size is HIV?

A

0.1 micrometres

37
Q

What word is used to describe a virus to show it is not a cell?

A

Acellular

38
Q

Why are viruses non living?

A
  • They don’t have their own cells

- Can’t reproduce without other living cells’ organelles

39
Q

Are viruses living?

A

No

40
Q

List the structures in a virus cell

A
  • Genetic material
  • Capsid
  • Attachment proteins
  • Proteins
  • Envelope
41
Q

Label the viral structures

A

See notes for diagram

42
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein coat around the genetic material

43
Q

What are attachment proteins?

A

Proteins joining the virus to its host cell

44
Q

Where are the proteins in viruses?

A

In the capsid

45
Q

Give an example of an extra protein in a virus?

A

Reverse transcriptase in HIV

46
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

An extra outer layer stolen from the cell membrane of a previous host cell

47
Q

What structures do not all viruses have?

A
  • Envelope

- Proteins

48
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Using the host cell’s organelles/machinery to replicate

49
Q

Describe the steps of viral reproduction - 6

A
  • Attachment proteins bind to complementary receptor proteins on the host
  • Viruses insert nucleic acid
  • Nucleic acids replicate
  • Viral coats are synthesised
  • New virus particles formed
  • Virus particles released in cell lysis
50
Q

How are attachment proteins specific to each host cell?

A

They are specific to their receptor proteins

51
Q

Define “pathogen”

A

A microorganism causing disease

Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics (11 decks)

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