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Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics > Specific Immune Response > Flashcards

Specific Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

Explain the activation of B cells - 7

A
  • B cells are covered in antibodies
  • Antibodies bind to antigens to form antibody-antigen complex
  • Each B cell has different shaped antibodies so each will bind to a different complementary antigen
  • Activated T helper cell with complementary receptors binds to APC
  • Produces cytokines that stimulate B cell
  • B cell divides by mitosis to form B memory cell and plasma cells
  • Plasma cells release antibodies
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4
Q

What are the 4 types of antibody defence?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Aggulating pathogens
  • Neutralising toxins
  • Preventing pathogen binding
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5
Q

Explain how antibodies are involved in phagocytosis 2

A
  • Antibodies bind to antigens and label them

- Macrophage engulf antibodies and pathogen and phagocytosis occurs

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6
Q

Explain how antibodies neutralise toxins 3

A
  • Antibodies bind to toxins from pathogens
  • Prevent toxins from affecting human cells so toxins are neutralised
  • Toxin-antibody complexes phagocytosised
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7
Q

Explain how antibodies prevent pathogen binding 3

A
  • Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens
  • Blocks cell surface receptors
  • Pathogens cannot bind to host cells to infect them
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8
Q

What are antibodies made up of?

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • Two heavy chains
  • Two light chains
  • Each chain made up of variable region and constant region
  • Each heavy chain has a hinge region
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9
Q

What are the variable regions in antibodies?

A
  • Antigen binding sites
  • Different amino acid sequence so different shape for each antibody
  • Complementary to particular antigen
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10
Q

What are the hinge regions in antibodies?

A

Areas allowing flexibility for when antibodies bind to antigens

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11
Q

What are the constant regions in antibodies? 2

A
  • Regions for binding to receptors on immune system cells e.g phagocytes
  • They all have the same amino acid sequence so same shape
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12
Q

What holds the polypeptide chains in an antibody together?

A

Disulphide bridges

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13
Q

Give the 2 types of antibody

A
  • Membrane bound

- Secreted

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14
Q

What are membrane bound antibodies?

A

Antibodies attached to the membrane of a B cell

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15
Q

What do membrane bound antibodies have that secreted antibodies do not?

A

Extra section of protein in the heavy chain anchoring them to the B cell membrane

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16
Q

What are secreted membrane bound antibodies?

A

Antibodies free from any attachment to a B cell

17
Q

What is the same between membrane bound antibodies and secreted antibodies?

A

Both heavy chain proteins are coded for by a single gene copied into mRNA for protein synthesis

18
Q

Explain how antibodies are specific to each antigen - 5

A
  • Antibodies are proteins
  • They have a specific primary structure
  • Specific tertiary structure
  • Antibodies are complementary to antigens
  • Form antibody-antigen complex
19
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

20
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

21
Q

Explain the activation of T cells - 5

A
  • Pathogen engulfed by macrophage
  • Macrophage presents antigens on surface - becomes APC [antigen presenting cell]
  • T helper cell CD4 receptors bind to complementary antigens
  • T helper cell is activated
  • Divides to produce clones: T memory cells and active T helper cells
22
Q

Explain the activation of T killer cells - 9

A
  • Infected cell presents antigens of pathogen becomes APC
  • T killer cell with complementary receptors bind to APC
  • Cytokines from T helper cells stimulate T killer cell division
  • T killer cells divide to form 2 clones: active and memory T killer cells
  • Active T killer cells bind to infected cells presenting antigens
  • T killer cells release an enzymes that create pores in infected cell membrane
  • Ions and water flow in - cell swells and bursts in lysis and dies
  • Releases pathogens in cell
  • Can be labelled by antibodies from B cells as targets for destruction by macrophages
23
Q

What are the 3 types of T cell?

A
  • T helper cells
  • T killer cells
  • T memory cells
24
Q

What are T helper cells?

A

On activation they:

  • Stimulate B cells to divide and produce antibodies
  • Release cytokines that stimulate enough active T killer cells to fight infection
25
Q

What are T killer cells?

A

T cells destroying any cells with foreign antigens

26
Q

What are T memory cells?

A

T cells that will recognise the specific antigens if the same pathogen returns

Bio 6: Infection, Immunity and Forensics (11 decks)

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