Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography- Natural Environment > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

How is a wave cut notch formed?

A

Water erodes the rock by hydraulic action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is a wave cut platform formed?

A

As the wave cut notch increases it increases the size of the platform. Overtime the overhang of rock above will fall and the cliff will erode further back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is headland made of?

A

Hard rock which doesn’t easily erode.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What sort of material is a bay made of?

A

Sand

Clay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is a bay formed?

A

The easily eroding material is eroded by hydraulic action. This means the land eroded inwards so it is curved between headlands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe longshore drift.

A
  • waves approach beach at an angle (due to wind)
  • the swash carries materials onto beach
  • the backwash transports materials back at 90^ (due to gravity)
  • continual swash + backwash transports materials along beach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define the word deposition.

A

Depositing materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does deposition occur on beaches?

A

Sea loses energy so it drops materials e.g sand, rocks, pebbles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of wave results in deposition?

A

Constructive waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the word coast.

A

The land joining or near to sea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define the term shore.

A

The land along a large body of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an intertidal zone?

A

The area between tide marks (high and low).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

A
  • low wave
  • strong swash
  • weak backwash
  • breaks on the shore due to pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A
  • big, strong waves
  • weak swash
  • strong backwash
  • breaks downwards due to great force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 types of weathering?

A
  • freeze-thaw
  • biological
  • chemical
  • crystallisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain freeze-thaw weathering.

A
  • crack fills with water in the day
  • water freezes at night and water expands
  • crack expands and rock splits
  • rock breaks off due to constant expansion and contraction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does freeze-thaw occur most?

A
  • Mountains

- winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain biological weathering.

A
  • bird drops seed in hole
  • seed grows due to sun and rain
  • tree roots break ground due to pressure from expanding roots
  • overtime ground weakens and breaks away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does biological weathering occur most?

A

-hot, wet countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe chemical weathering.

A
  • pollution from factories combines with rain
  • acid rain forms
  • when it rains acid rain dissolves the ground materials
  • land becomes flatter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is chemical weathering most common?

A

Cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe crystallisation.

A
  • tide fills crack in rock with water
  • when tide goes out water evaporates
  • salt crystals left in rock grow
  • rock breaks off
  • rock taken away by tide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three types of mass movement?

A
  • slumping
  • soil creep
  • rock falls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is slumping?

A

Slip of soil downhill due to gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the process of slumping.

A
  • rain saturated soil and so ground becomes unstable
  • gravity makes soil slide down hill as it’s heavy
  • soil has less friction when saturated so forms a slump (piled soil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain soil creep.

A
  • water In soil cools at night and expands as it freezes
  • soil expands outwards as it cannot push on rock below
  • Ice melts during the day
  • overtime after repeated expansion and contraction soil creeps downhill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is soil creep?

A

Slow downhill movement of soil due to gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a rockfall?

A

Rapid, free-fall of rock from a steep cliff face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define the word fetch.

A

How far the wave has travelled due to wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain rock falls.

A
  • after enters cracks in the rock
  • freezes and expands
  • rock falls
  • scree slope formed at bottom of cliff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 4 types of coastal erosion?

A
  • abrasion/corrosion
  • attrition
  • hydraulic action
  • solution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the process of abrasion.

A
  • stones are thrown against side due to energy in water
  • sides chip away
  • becomes wider and deeper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain the process of attrition.

A
  • stones grind due to water movement

- rocks become smoother and smaller due to constant grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Explain hydraulic action.

A
  • wave pressure fills crack in rock and compressed air
  • air gets so compressed it expands
  • wave goes back out and so crack contracts due to low pressure
  • rock brake away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the process of solution.

A
  • acids in the sea dissolve minerals and types of rock in water
  • e.g chalk or limestone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name the 4 coastal erosion features.

A
  • caves
  • arch
  • stack
  • stump
37
Q

How are caves formed?

A
  • waves force their way into cracks in cliff

- sand in the water erodes the rock by hydraulic action

38
Q

How is an arch formed?

A
  • wave force pushes through cave

- cave breaks through

39
Q

How is a stack formed?

A
  • arch increases in size due to wave force
  • weight in tip of arch becomes too heavy
  • arch collapses as it’s no longer supported
  • leaves headland free standing- stack
40
Q

How is a stump formed?

A
  • stack attacked at base (hydraulic action)
  • weakens structure of stack
  • stack collapses
41
Q

Define the term beach profile.

A

Cross section of a beach.

42
Q

What are the 3 coastal deposition features?

A
  • beach
  • bar
  • spit
43
Q

How is a beach formed?

A
  • constructive waves deposit materials
44
Q

What is a beach made of?

A

-eroded material transported by the sea

45
Q

What affects the materials found on a beach?

A
  • wave energy

- geology of area

46
Q

Where are the smallest materials deposited on a beach?

A

Near water.

47
Q

Where are the larger materials deposited in a beach?

Why?

A

At the back because more energy is needed to break them down.

48
Q

Why is the material at the coast line smaller?

A

Waves beak at coastline so materials are more broken down by attrition.

49
Q

What is a spit?

A

Extended stretch of beach materials projected into the sea from land.

50
Q

How is a spit formed?

A
  • wind blows to coast at an angle (longshore drift)
  • longshore drift moves material along coastline
  • deposition forms spit
  • spit grows and forms a hook if wind direction changes
  • waves can’t get past spit so more materials are deposited.
51
Q

What is behind a spit?

A

Marshland which creates land overtime

52
Q

What is a bar?

A

Ridge of sand formed across a bay- parallel to the coast

53
Q

Define coastal recession.

A

The rate the cliff is being eroded.

54
Q

What 3 things effect coastal recession?

A
  • strength or rock
  • cracks in rock
  • fetch
55
Q

How does the fetch effect coastal recession?

A

The bigger the fetch the larger coastal recession as the waves are bigger and more powerful.

56
Q

How does the material of land effect coastal recession?

A

Softer rock is more likely to erode faster due to hydraulic action therefore larger coastal recession.

57
Q

How do cracks effect the rate of coastal recession?

A

Cracks in rock erode quicker because it’s already breaking

58
Q

What 3 places (case studies) are effected by coastal recession?

A
  • holderness
  • happisburgh
  • Walton on the naze
59
Q

How can you forecast coastal flooding?

A
  • high spring tides (moon and sun use gravity to pull water further onto beach)
  • wind strength (stronger will push waves up onto beach)
60
Q

How can you educate people about coastal flooding?

A
  • knowing routes to take out
  • knowing warning codes
  • knowing shelter
61
Q

How can people plan for floods?

A
  • track storms
  • flood kits
  • flood plans
  • temporary defences
62
Q

What soft engineering methods can be used to reduce coastal erosion?

A
  • replenishment
  • cliff regrading
  • managed retreats
63
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach replenishments ?

A

Good:

  • increases beach size
  • attractive

Bad:

  • expensive
  • high maintenance needed
64
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cliff regrading?

A

Good:

  • low maintenance
  • less slumping
  • attractive

Bad:
-only reduces doesn’t cure

65
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of managed retreats.

A

Good:

  • low maintenance
  • cheap

Bad:

  • ugly
  • debris
66
Q

What are the hard engineering methods used to reduce coastal erosion?

A
  • groynes
  • sea walls
  • offshore reefs
  • rock armour
  • Gabions
  • revetiments
67
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of groynes?

A

Good:

  • attractive
  • catches particles to increase beach

Bad:

  • expensive (200,000)
  • maintenance as wood rots
68
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sea walls?

A

Good:

  • reduces erosion rapidly
  • low maintenance

Bad:

  • expensive
  • unattractive
69
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs?

A

Good:

  • absorbs energy
  • lasts long

Bad:

  • expensive
  • ugly
70
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of rock armour?

A

Good:

  • cheap
  • attractive

Bad:
-dangerous

71
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gabions?

A

Good:

  • cheap
  • don’t look bad

Bad:

  • not strong
  • need to be re-done
72
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of revetments?

A

Good:

  • cheap
  • look ok

Bad:

  • maintenance needed
  • blocks off beach
73
Q

What are the characteristics of building design in LIC’s to protect from coastal flooding?

A
  • holds 3000 people
  • shutters to protect from debris
  • raised area for animals
  • flag pole for warning
  • concrete construction
  • flat roof for helicopter
  • raised above ground
74
Q

How can we predict/ prevent coastal flooding?

A
  • forecasting
  • building design
  • planning
  • education
75
Q

What are the characteristics of building design in HIC’s to protect from coastal flooding?

A
  • ground floor walls fold away
  • steel construction
  • panels over windows
  • living area raised on stilts (4m above ground)
76
Q

How are people effected in holderness by coastal recession?

A
  • 30 villages lost
  • houses swallowed by sea
  • business taken away
  • farms had to move
77
Q

How is the environment effected by coastal recession in holderness?

A
  • 35 years = 60 metres eroded

- fasted eroding coastline

78
Q

How are people effected by coastal recession in happisburgh?

A
  • 25 homes lost

- house prices downgrade (were £30k now £1)

79
Q

How is the environment damaged in happisburgh by coastal recession?

A
  • 40ft of coastline eroded every year

- debris all over the beach

80
Q

Where is the case study for coastal landscapes?

A

Walton on the naze, Essex

81
Q

How many people live in Walton on the Naze?

A

12,000

82
Q

What percentage of the population is employed for tourism for our case study?

A

7%

83
Q

How many people visit Walton on the Naze every year?

A

100,000

84
Q

What is the coastline made of at Walton on the Naze? How much do they erode every year?

A
  • London clay and red crag

- 2m

85
Q

What methods were used to reduce coastal erosion on the southern coastline at Walton on the Naze in 1997?

A
  • sea wall
  • groynes
  • cliff regrading
86
Q

What hard engineering method was used to reduce coastal erosion in 1998 at Walton on the Naze? When was it redone and how much did it cost?

A

Rock armour

Redone in 2011 - £1.2 million

87
Q

What method was used in 1999 to reduce coastal recession on the northern coast of Walton on the Naze?

A

Beach replenishment (sand and gravel)

88
Q

How many tonnes of rock armour were used in 1998 at Walton on the Naze?

A

300 tonnes of granite

Geography- Natural Environment (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions