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BIOL205 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

on or near the front, or ventral surface, of the body

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2
Q

contralateral

A

relating to the opposite side of the body

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3
Q

deep

A

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

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4
Q

distal

A

a direction away from the point of attachment or origin; for a limb, away from its attachment to the trunk

ex. the fingers are distal to the wrist

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5
Q

inferior

A

below, in reference to a particular structure, with the body in anatomical position

ex. the knee is inferior to the hip

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6
Q

intermediate

A

pertaining to a position between lateral and medial

ex. the clavicle is intermediate to the shoulder and the sternum

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

relating to the same side of the body

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8
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to the side

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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10
Q

parietal

A

referring to the wall of a cavity

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11
Q

posterior

A

toward the back; dorsal

ex. the scapula is posterior to the rib cage

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12
Q

proximal

A

toward the attached base of an organ or structure

ex. the shoulder is proximal to the wrist

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13
Q

superficial

A

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

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14
Q

superior

A

above; in reference to a particular structure, with the body in anatomical position

ex. the head is superior to the chest

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15
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to the outer covering of an organ or structure

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16
Q

frontal plane

A

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; also known as the coronal plane; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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17
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates right and left portions; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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18
Q

midsagittal plane

A

separates right and left portions directly through the midline; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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19
Q

transverse plane

A

separates superior and inferior portions of the body; also known as a cross section; plane is oriented perpendicular to the long axis

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20
Q

anatomical position

A

hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together

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21
Q

supine

A

lying down face up in the anatomical position

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22
Q

prone

A

lying down face down in the anatomical position

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23
Q

homeostasis

A

a relatively constant (stable) internal environment

24
Q

biology

A

the study of life

25
Q

what are the four basic functions of living things

A
  1. respond to changes in the environment
  2. show adaptability
  3. organisms grown and develop
  4. capable of some degree of movement or locomotion
26
Q

gross anatomy

A

the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye; also known as macroscopic anatomy

27
Q

macroscopic anatomy

A

the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye; also known as gross anatomy

28
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

the examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification and thus the equipment used establishes the boundaries of what can be seen

29
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structure; the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts

30
Q

physiology

A

the study of function; the study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions

31
Q

describe the idea of form and function

A

physiology and anatomy are closely interrelated both theoretically and practically. anatomical details are significant only because each has an effect on function, and physiological mechanism can be fully understood only in terms of underlying structural relationship

ex. the elbow joint, radius, humerus, and ulna are anatomical features that allow the body to move the forearm in the prescribed physiological motions
ex. the teeth (anatomical) are all formed and set in a manner to assist animals in the chewing and digestion (physiological) of food for sustenance

32
Q

organ

A

two or more tissues working together to perform several functions

33
Q

tissue

A

group of cells and cell products working together to perform one or more specific functions

34
Q

cells

A

smallest living units in the body

35
Q

atoms

A

the smallest stable units of matter

36
Q

molecules

A

multiple atoms in combination

37
Q

organism

A

highest level or organization (for this class, a human)

38
Q

organ system

A

the system in which various organs interact to perform a specific range of functions; there are 11 organ systems in the human body

39
Q

what are the three basic principles of cell theory?

A
  1. cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals
  2. cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells
  3. cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
40
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. neural tissue
41
Q

integumentary system

A

protects against environmental hazards

42
Q

skeletal system

A

provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

43
Q

muscular system

A

produces movement; provides support; generates heat

44
Q

nervous sytem

A

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

45
Q

endocrine system

A

directs long term changes in other organ systems

46
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

47
Q

lymphatic system

A

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to bloodstream

48
Q

respiratory system

A

delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound

49
Q

digestive system

A

processes food and absorbs nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water)

50
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH

51
Q

reproductive system

A

produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth

52
Q

homeostatic regulation

A

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous

53
Q

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
54
Q

positive feedback

A

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it

55
Q

negative feedback

A

an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus

56
Q

what is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

childbirth and how………….

57
Q

what are the two essential functions of true body cavities?

A
  1. they protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts

2. they permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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