Vaccines

Question 1

macrophage, dendritic cell, langerhans cell and B lymphocyte are all forms of…

Answer 1

APC

Question 2

cytokines associated with TH1 responses

Answer 2

IL-2, IFN-y, TNF

Question 3

cytokines associated with Th2 responses

Answer 3

IL-4,5,6

Question 4

antigen used in influenza vaccine

Answer 4

HA hemagluttinin - receptor binding glycoprotein

Question 5

time taken post-imm to be protected against influenza

Answer 5

7 days, lasts 6mo

Question 6

Naive T cell marker

Answer 6

CD45 RA+ve (nAive)

Question 7

Memory T cell marker

Answer 7

CD45 RO+ve (memOry)

Question 8

Mature B cell marker

Answer 8

CD19

Question 9

T cell function tests

Answer 9

in-vivo type Iv hypersensitivity tests - i.e Mantoux

in-vitro T cell proliferation studies

Question 10

B cell function tests

Answer 10

serum Ig levels

specific Ig levels

Question 11

3 characteristics that make memory cells different to naive cells (broad)

Answer 11

1. more aggressive response with subsequent exposures - proliferation, activation and high affinity receptors
2. different pattern of cell surface markers to allow different levels of adhesion and chemotaxis - entry to non-lymphoid tissue
3. longevity without antigen as they have low level proliferation (like stem cells) in response to cytokines

Question 12

majority of CD4+ cells

Answer 12

Central memory T cells

Question 13

Majority of CD8+ cells

Answer 13

Effector memory T cells

Question 14

CCR7- and CD62L low

Answer 14

Effector memory T cells

Question 15

CCR7+ and CD67L high

Answer 15

Central memory T cells

Question 16

binds to CCL19 and 20 on lymph node endothelial cells to allow for extravasation into the lymph node.q

Answer 16

CCR7

Question 17

interacts with molecules in the High endothelial venules to allow migration and rolling –> travel to other LN via lymphatic system

Answer 17

CD62L high

Question 18

found in the liver and lungs, produce IFN-Y and perforin

Answer 18

effector memory cells

Question 19

found in lymph nodes and lymphatic system, produce IL-2

Answer 19

central memory cells

Question 20

live vaccines

Answer 20

MMR, BCG, polio (sabin), vaccinia, yellow fever, VZV, typhoid, rotavirus, intranasal influenza

Question 21

inactivated vaccines

Answer 21

influenza, cholera, polio (salk), pertussis, HepA, rabies

Question 22

toxoid vaccines

Answer 22

tetanus diptheria

Question 23

subunit vaccines

Answer 23

HepB (HbsAg)
HPV (capsid)
Influenza (HA/NA)

Question 24

conjugate vaccines

Answer 24

Hib
meningococcus
pneumococcus

Question 25

primary adjuvant in humans

Answer 25

Alum

Question 26

how does alum work

Answer 26

absorbs ag and promotes slow steady release
primes naive b cells
primes adaptive immune responses

Question 27

decreased effectiveness of vaccination in the elderly is due to:

Answer 27

1. immune senescence

2. nutrition

Question 28

3 advantages of live vaccines

Answer 28

1. establishes infection –> often lifelong immunity
2. stimulates all phases of immune response
3. durable and cross reactive

Question 29

3 disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 29

1. safety - reversion to virulence, spread to unvacc
2. cant use in immunocomp
3. storage - cold chain

Question 30

disadvantages of inacitvated/component vaccines

Answer 30

1. not as immunogenic
2. multiple doses usually needed
3. adjuvants usually needed