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Oral Surgery I > EXAM I Pulmonary > Flashcards

EXAM I Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

fetal lungs are not fully inflated with air until when?

A

2 weeks after birth

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2
Q

in fetal lungs, surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until ___

A

late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies

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3
Q

in cystic fibrosis, over-secretion of thick mucus clogs the ___

A

respiratory system

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4
Q

what is common in the aged respiratory system?

A
  • elasticity of lungs decreases
  • vital capacity decreases; max amount of air moved in 1 breath
  • blood oxygen levels decrease
  • stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
  • more risks of respiratory tract infection
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5
Q

describe how respiration rate differs between newborns and adults

A

rate often increases with age

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6
Q

the respiratory membrane forms the ___ barrier

A

air-blood

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7
Q

what is the mechanical process of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
  • volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to equalize pressure of flow of gases
  • 2 phases
    • inspiration and expiration
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8
Q

during the process of gas exchange, ___ enters the blood as ___ enters the alveoli

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
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9
Q

which cells provide protection during gas exchange? what coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces?

A
  • macrophages
  • surfactant
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10
Q

describe the process of inspiration

A
  • diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
  • the size of the thoracic cavity increases
  • external air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
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11
Q

normal breathing moves about ___ml of air with each breath. this describes the ___

A
  • 500
  • tidal volume
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12
Q

what are some factors that affect respiratory capacity?

A
  • a person’s size
  • sex
  • age
  • physical condition
  • pulmonary diseases
    • restrictive lun diseases
    • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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13
Q

___ is the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume, and is usually between ___ and ___ ml

A
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • 2100-3200ml
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14
Q

___ is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled, and is approximately ___ml

A
  • expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • 1200ml
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15
Q

___ is air remaining in the lung after expiration, and is usually about ___ml

A
  • residual volume
  • 1200ml
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16
Q

___ is air that actually reaches the respiratory zone, and is usually about ___ml

A
  • functional volume
  • 350ml
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17
Q

respiratory capacities are measured with a ___

A

spirometer

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18
Q

during neural regulation of respiration, activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by which two nerves?

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

19
Q

neural centers that control rate and depth of respiration are located in the ___

A

medulla oblongata

20
Q

which part of the brain smooths our respiratory rate?

A

the pons

21
Q

what is eupnea?

A

normal respiratory rate; 12-15 per minute

22
Q

___ is increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen need

A

hyperpnia

23
Q

what are some possible causes of shortness of breath?

A
  • asthma
  • mucus plugs
  • PE/pneumothorax
  • COPD/pulmonary edema
  • poor inspiratory effort: restricting or obstructing
24
Q

what is PAINT?

A
  • pulmonary alveolar interstitial neuromuscular thoracic - a form of chronic restrictive lung disease
  • the restrictive lung disease patient has a problem with expansion, so the lung volume is small
25
Q

the following are characteristics of what respiratory disorder?

restricted lung expansion, decreased lung volume, decreased total lung capacity, parenchyma altered/pleural linings altered, interstitial lung diseases

A

PAINT

chronic restrictive lung disease

26
Q

what are some interstitial lung diseases that can result from PAINT?

A

pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, mesothelioma, connective tissue autoimmune diseases

27
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is exemplified by ___ and ___

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

28
Q

what respiratory disorder is a major cause of death and disability in the US?

A

COPD

29
Q

what are some features of patients with COPD?

A
  • history of smoking
  • labored breathing (dyspnea)
  • coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
  • most victims retain carbon dioxide
  • have hypoxic and respiratory acidosis
  • those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
30
Q

in ___, the alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through the terminal bronchioles

A

emphysema (pink puffers)

31
Q

with emphysema, the destruction of alveoli leads to loss of ___

A

capillary beds

32
Q

emphysema results in an increased ___ to ___ mismatch

A

ventilation to perfusion

33
Q

low cardiac output, muscle wasting, weight loss, large amount of energy needed to exhale, and over-inflation of the lungs causing a barrel chest are characteristics of ___

A

emphysema

34
Q

what causes emphysema patients to have a “pink puffer” appearance?

A

hyperventilation/ less hypoxemia

35
Q

___ is a result of inflammation of the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages; metaplasia of goblet cells

A

chronic bronchitis (blue bloaters)

36
Q

in chronic bronchitis, mucus production increases and there is chronic inflammation around ___

A

bronchi

37
Q

in chronic bronchitis, pooled mucus around bronchi impairs ___, which can cause ___

A
  • ventilation and gas exchange
  • polycythemia due to increased ventilation/perfusion mismatch and cardiac output increases
38
Q

in chronic bronchitis, the risk of ___ increases, and ___ is common

A

lung infection, pneumonia

39
Q

___ and ___ occur early in chronic bronchitis, causing increased CO2 hypercapnia and bloating

A

hypoxia and cyanosis

(cyanotic refers to the “blue” in blue bloaters)

40
Q

___ is chronic inflammation of the bronchiole passages, and often responds to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing on expiration

A

COPD: asthma

41
Q

what are imporant questions to ask asthmatic patients?

A
  • last attack
  • precipitant (what causes attack)
  • ever hospitalized/intubated
  • carry inhaler - daily meds, childhood asthma
42
Q

what are some causes of dyspnea and asthma that are a medical emergency/ respiratory distress?

A

COPD, CVD, aspiration, PE, pneumonia

43
Q

what are some signs/symptoms of dyspnea and asthma that are a medical emergency/ respiratory distress?

A
  • wheezing
  • anxiety
  • increased respiratory rate, efforts
  • diaphoresis
  • flushing of face or gray, mottled appearance
44
Q

what is the treatment for dyspnea and asthma that are a medical emergency/ respiratory distress?

A
  • establish, maintain airway/ anxiety relief/ meds/ nitrous oxide
  • 100% oxygen except with COPD
  • monitor
  • identify cause/ treat if possible
  • ER

Oral Surgery I (13 decks)

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