Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > Valvular disease > Flashcards

Valvular disease Flashcards

1
Q 
If the apex beat is:
tapping
displaced and diffuse
heaving and may be displaced
What does this indicate?
A

Tapping: mitral stenosis

Displaced and diffuse: mitral stenosis

Heaving: left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If you feel a parasternal heave what does this indicate?

A

right ventricular overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When describing murmurs - what is it important to mention?

A

Systole or diastole?

What type of murmur?

Where is it loudest?

Where does it radiate to?
Carotids (aortic stenosis)
Axilla (mitral regurgitation)

Grade of murmur

is it influenced by respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do you know if a heart murmur is systolic?

A
  • same time as pulse

- in between heart sounds one and two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do you know if a heart murmur is diastolic?

A

after second heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are right sided or left sided murmurs louder with inspiration?

A

right sided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the grading of murmurs

A 
I. 	Very quiet 
II.	Quiet - easy to hear
III. 	Loud
IV. 	Loud with a thrill
V. 	Very loud with a thrill
VI. 	Loud  - audible without a stethoscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the special manouvres for murmurs? which movement for which special manouvre?

A

Roll onto left side and listen to mitral area with bell during expiration – mitral stenosis

Lean forward and listen over aortic area during expiration – aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aortic stenosis:

-what causes aortic stenosis?

A

Degenerative (age related)

Congenital
E.g bicuspid valve

Rheumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aortic stenosis What are the symptoms and signs?

A

Symptoms:
Breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness/syncope

Signs:
low volume pulse
forceful displaced apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the murmur for aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the murmur for aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic murmur, loudest at aortic area, that can radiate to the carotids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three different treatments for aortic stenosis?

A

Conventional valve replacement (this is still preferred as long term outcomes and no contraindications)

Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)

Balloon Aortic valvotomy (BAV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between a mechanical and a bio-prosthetic heart valve?

A

Mechanical:

  • longevity
  • warfarin
  • for younger pts

Bio-prosthetic:

  • no warfarin
  • 10yrs
  • older pts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitral regurgitation: what are the causes 4

A

Leaflets:

  • Prolapse
  • Rheumatic
  • Myxomatous (floppy)
  • Endocarditis
Chordae rupture (degenerative)
-Prolapse/flail leaflet

Papillary muscles rupture
-Ischaemic

Annular dilatation
-Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the symptoms and signs for mitral regurgitation?

A

Symptoms:

  • breathlessness
  • peripheral oedema (because it is a high volume problem)
  • fatigue

Signs:
-displaced apex

17
Q

What is the murmur of mitral regurgitation?

A

Pansystolic murmur, max at apex, radiating to axilla

18
Q

What treatment is available for mitral regurgitation?

A

Medication
-Diuretics and heart failure (ACE inhibitors)

Surgical

  • Repair – prolapse
  • Replacement - degenerative

Percutaneous
Clips in infancy – encouraging results

19
Q

Mitral stenosis: what is the main cause? any other causes?

A
  • rheumatic main cause

- congenital rare

20
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of mitral stenosis?

A

Symptoms:

  • breathlessness
  • fatigue
  • palpitations (AF)

Signs:

  • malar flush
  • tapping apex beat
21
Q

What is the murmur for mitral stenosis?

A

mid diastolic rumbling murmur with accentuation pre-systolic (quiet and gets louder)
will be heard after opening snap (opening snap as valve forced open)

22
Q

What is the treatment of mitral stenosis?

A

Medication
Diuretics and treat AF
(causes AF as there’s enlargement of left atrium)

Surgery
Valve replacement

Balloon Valvuloplasty

23
Q

Aortic regurgitation: what are the causes? 2

A

Leaflets

  • Endocarditis
  • Connective tissue diseases
  • Rheumatic

Annulus

  • Marfans
  • Aortic dissection
24
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of aortic regurgitation?

A

symptom: breathlessness

Signs: collapsing pulse, displaced apex

25
Q

What is the murmur assoc. with aortic regurgitation?

A

Early diastolic murmur heard on the left sternal edge

Absence of Silence after S2

26
Q

What is the treatment of aortic regurgitation?

A

Medication
ACE inhibitors

Surgery
Symptoms and LV dilatation
Valve replacement

27
Q

Why is there splitting of the second heart sound?

A

physiological splitting can occur during inspiration as the pulmonary component of the second heart sound delaying after the aortic component

28
Q

What could a third heart sound suggest?

A
  • physiological: passive filling of ventricles

- pathological: heart failure

29
Q

What does a fourth heart sound suggest?

A

pathological: active filling of a stiff/non-compliant ventricle filling during atrial contraction, due to e.g. hypertrophy.

Cardiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions