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Renal and Urological Conditions > Renal failure And AKI/ARF > Flashcards

Renal failure And AKI/ARF Flashcards

1
Q

state the anatomical location of the kidneys

A

L1-L3

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2
Q

Which kidney is lower the right or the left ?

A

Right because of the liver

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3
Q

State the 4 functions of the kidney 😭

A
  1. Filters blood, i.e 1) excretes metabolic waste, 2) regulates composition of blood and volume
  2. EPO- Red bloods cells
  3. Renin- regulates BP
  4. Active Vitamin D production: 1,25-DHC
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4
Q

State the 3 ways in which the kidneys filter the blood

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
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5
Q

State the function of the ureter

A

Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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6
Q

State the the function of the bladder

A

Stores urines. Urine enters from the ureters and exits from the urethra

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7
Q

LOOK at Sum notes for anatomy

A

Ok

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8
Q

What are the 3 commonest causes of renal failure ?

A

SIN:
Sepsis
Ischaemia
Nephrotoxins

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9
Q

What 2 things are the pre-renal causes of renal failure based on ?

A

1) sudden drop in BP, i.e, renal hypoperfusion due to haemorrhage
2) obstruction of the kidneys

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10
Q

What are the 2 groups that the pre-renal causes of a sudden drop in BP (Renal hypo-perfusion) and state the cause of each

A

1) shock: hypovalemic(burns), septic, cardiogenic (MI)

2) drugs: diuretics

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11
Q

What are the pre-renal causes of renal failure based on obstruction of the kidneys
? (3) 😭

A

RDT

1) renal artery stenosis
2) Drugs: ACEis and NSAIDS
3) Thrombosis/Emboli due to AF, MI, IE, aneurysms etc

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12
Q

State the 4 groups that the renal causes of RF can be grouped into ?

A
  1. Tubular 2. Interstitial 3. Glomerular 4.Vascular
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13
Q

State the main tubular renal/AKI cause that leads to RF ?

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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14
Q

State the 2 main causes of ATN that lead to AKI

A

1) pre-renal damage

2) nephrotoxins e.g. Aminoglycosides

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15
Q

State the 5 other renal causes of tubular damage/AKI that lead to RF ?

A
  1. Radiological contrast
  2. Myoglobinea in rhabdomyosis
  3. Crystal damage
  4. Myeloma
  5. Hypercalcaemia
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16
Q

State the renal causes of interstitial damage that lead to RF

A

Due to infiltrative disorders

1) TB
2) Lymphoma
3) tumour lysis syndrome following chemotherapy

17
Q

State the renal causes of glomerular damage that lead to RF (3) 😭

A

Due to autoimmune disorders

  1. SLE
  2. HTP
  3. Glomerulonephritis
18
Q

State the 2 groups that the renal causes of vascular damage can be spilt into and state the causes of each 😭

A
  1. Large vessel: RA/V thrombosis/emboli

2. Small vessel: vasculitis

19
Q

State the 3 groups that the post-renal causes of RF can be grouped into

A
  1. luminal
  2. mural
  3. extrinsic compression
20
Q

State the post-renal causes of RF based on the 3 groups

A
  1. luminal: stones and clots
  2. mural: malignancy (bladder, prostate, ureter); BPH, strictures
  3. extrinsic compression: 1. Pelvic malignancy, 2. Retroperitoneal fibrosis
21
Q

List the common causes of AKI

A

Renal tubular Causes (main and others) and pre-renal causes

22
Q

What is ARF ? 😭*2

A

ARF is an abrupt deterioration of parencyhmal renal function, which is reversible

23
Q

What 2 things is the decrease in renal function in ARF characterised by ?

A
  1. Oliguria 2.Uraemia
24
Q

The biochemical features of ARF can be spilt into 2 groups, what are they ?

A
  1. Raised serum creatinine and loss of urine output

2. Electrolyte imbalance

25
Q

What 3 things contribute to electrolyte imbalance?

A
  1. Hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia
  2. Hyponatraemia (due to overdrinking) and hypocalacaemia (due to decrease in Vit D production)
  3. Metabolic acidosis (decrease in HCO3- secretion)
26
Q

For the clinical feature of ARF(uraemia), what are 6 groups it can be grouped into ?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Neurology
  3. Cardiology
  4. Respiratory
  5. Skin
  6. Abdominal
27
Q

State the Clinical features of ARF

Seen in the kidneys , neuro, cardio, resp, skin and abdo

A

Kidneys: 1. Oliguria/anuria, 2.renal bruits
Neuro: 1confusion
Cardio: 1.pericarditis
Resp: 1.SOB (due to pulmonary oedema)
Skin: pruritus and bruishing(haemorrhage)
Abdo: 1. anorexia/ weight loss 2.nausea and vomiting

28
Q

What may be palpable in ARF ?

A

Kidneys, bladder, prostate, pelvis etc

29
Q

List the 6 life threatening complications of ARF 😭

A
  1. Non renal organ failure
  2. Sepsis related to AKI
  3. FCP (fitting,Coma and Pericarditis/pneumonitis) due to uraemia
  4. Pulmonary oedema
  5. Metabolic acidosis and tetany
  6. Cardiac arrhythmias due to hyperkalaemia
30
Q

What does uraemia cause

A

FCP: fitting, coma and pericarditis/pneumonitis

Renal and Urological Conditions (7 decks)

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