Neural tube defects Flashcards

1
Q

The three major NTDs are?

A

Encephalocele
Anencephaly
Spina bifida

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2
Q

Encephalocele is a malformation of what?

A

The skull

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3
Q

The majority of encephaloceles occur in the __ region of the brain, but they can alsooccur in the ___ area (forehead, nose, or eye socket)

A

occipital

frontal

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4
Q

With encephaloceles, a portion of the brain protrudes in ___

A

a sac

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5
Q

Children with encephaloceles often have? (4 things)

A

intellectual disability, hydrocephalus, spastic legs, and/or seizures

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6
Q

There are better outcomes for encephaloceles if?

A

no associated brain abnormalities, other physical abnormalities, frontal rather than occipital, typical head circumference, and less brain tissue in the sac

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7
Q

_____ is a more severe congenital malformation of the skull and brain

A

Anencephaly

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8
Q

In anencephaly, no neural development occurs above?

A

the brainstem

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9
Q

With anencephaly, about __ of these children are spontaneously aborted
Those who live rarely____

A

half

survive infancy

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10
Q

____ is the most common neural tube defect

A

Spina bifida

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11
Q

Spina bifida is a split of the ____

A

Vertebral arches

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12
Q

Spina bifida can be isolated to the ___ or occur with a ____ that may contain part of the _____

A

bone
protruding meningeal sac
spinal cord

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13
Q

____is the most common type of spina bifida and the most benign; hidden separation

A

Spina bifida occulta

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14
Q

What type of spina bifida features no visible abnormalities on their back; no protruding sac; no symptoms (about 10% of the population)

A

Spina bifida occulta

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15
Q

What type of spina bifida matches this description: “born with a visible abnormality on lower back such as a birthmark, tufts of hair, a dermal sinus, or lipoma; increased risk of meningitis and other infections; defects such as spinal cord being tethered or split can lead to neurological damage as the child grows, so surgery to correct should be performed early”

A

Occult spinal dysraphism (OSD)-

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16
Q

A meningocele is an exposed _____ covering the spinal cord; usually, there are no _____ because spinal cord is not ____

A

membraneous sac
symptoms
entrapped

17
Q

A Meningomyelocele (myelomeningocele) is a?

A

sac with malformed spinal cord

18
Q

Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) is often referred to as _____

A

Spina bifida

19
Q

Symptoms of Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) include:

A

complete or partial paralysis,
sensory loss below level of spinal abnormality
Chiari type II malformation with hydrocephalus
Neurogenic bowel and bladder

20
Q

Most Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) are ___ and part of the spinal cord is visible as an ____

A

open

open sac

21
Q

Individuals with Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele)Typically have ____ that may present as _______

A

brain abnormalities

learning disabilities

22
Q

Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) is called the

A

most complex congenital malformation compatible with life

23
Q

NTD malformation occurs by how long after fertilization?

A

26 days after fertilization of the egg during neurulation (the first step in formation of CNS)

24
Q

If part of the ______ does not close completely, an NTD results, and the spinal cord is malformed

A

neural groove

25
Q

Options for prenatal diagnosis of NTD

A

Measure levels of alpha-fetoprotein in mother’s serum during 16th-18th week of pregnancy
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis

26
Q

Primary Impairments in Children with Meningomyelocele

A
Brain abnormalities p. 456 Table 25-1 
Cognitive impairments
Neurological Impairments: 
Paralysis 
Loss of sensation
Learning disabilities
Chiari type II malformation with hydrocephalus 
Mobility impairment- (Table 25-2 p. 460)
Cognitive impairments
Seizure disorders
Fine motor impairments
Visual impairment