Exam 1 Diaz

Question 1

What are the Enteral routes of administration

Answer 1

Oral, Sublingual, rectal

Question 2

What are the Parental routes?

Answer 2

Intravascular, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous

Question 3

Remember that charged particles cannot cross a membrane, so How do they cross it?

Answer 3

weak acids combine together with a Hydrogen and cross the membrane while weak bases lose an H

Question 4

How does Vd affect the 1/2 of a drug?

Answer 4

The larger the Vd the longer the 1/2 life

Question 5

What is the equation for Vd

Answer 5

Vd= D/c
D= total amount of drug in body
C= plasma concentration of Drug

Question 6

What is bioavailability and how is it calculated?

Answer 6

The total amount of unchanged drug in systemic circulation. BA= AUC oral/AUC IV x 100

Question 7

What is bioequivalence

Answer 7

any 2 drugs showing comparable bioavailability and time to achieve peak concentration

Question 8

What is therapeutic equivalent?

Answer 8

generic drug

2 drugs with the same active ingredient

Question 9

Drugs with Low affinity to albumin

Answer 9

neutral and hydrophilic drugs

Question 10

Drugs with high affinity to albumin

Answer 10

weak acids and hydrophobic drugs

Question 11

Class 1 drugs

Answer 11

most clinically useful drugs are this group. Dose is less than available albumin binding sites. thus concentration of free drug is low.

Question 12

Class 2 drugs

Answer 12

the dose is higher than available binding sites on albumin.

Question 13

first order metabolism

Answer 13

metabolism is directly proportional to free drug concentration.

Question 14

Zero order

Answer 14

metabolism is not affected by dose concentration ( alcohol)

Question 15

Enzyme inhibition

Answer 15

most frequent and occur by modulation of drug interaction. When 2 drugs compete for the active site, the one with the highest affinity inhibits metabolism of the other.

Question 16

suicide type inhibition

Answer 16

calvulonic acid (changes the enzyme)

Question 17

What is the most predominant isoform in human drug metabolism?

Answer 17

CYP3A4

Question 18

What is steady state?

Answer 18

state in which rate of elimination is balanced by the rate of administration.
usually acquired after 4 t 1/2 life if infusion of drug stops, plasma [drug] declines following the same time frame.
Steady state is achieved by first order kinetics

Question 19

infusion rate

Answer 19

plasma concentration is directly proportional to infusion rate.

Question 20

What is an agonist

Answer 20

Drug producing a response by binding and stimulating to a receptive site. The ability to stimulate this site is called efficiency or intrinsic activity.

Question 21

Partial agonist

Answer 21

A drug that blocks agonist site causing less response than agonist.

Question 22

antagonist

Answer 22

drugs that act by inhibiting the action of known endogenous mediators. They have a high affinity for the receptor but no effect.

Question 23

competitive antagonist

Answer 23

competes with the agonist for receptor site. shifts curve to the right

Question 24

non-competitive

Answer 24

prevents binding of agonists at receptor

Question 25

memorize charts

Answer 25

slide 56/57/59/60

Question 26

What is the efficacy of a drug

Answer 26

the maximal response produced by a drug

Question 27

potency of a drug

Answer 27

the lower the dose, the higher the potency

Question 28

Therapeutic index

Answer 28

toxic dose/effective dose

Question 29

removal of drug from body

Answer 29

kidney
liver
intestines
lung
breast milk

Question 30

total clearance rate

Answer 30

CL= CL hepatic +CL renal + CL pulmonary +CL other

Question 31

What are special situations where excretion diminishes?

Answer 31

renal disease, liver disease, diminished renal plasma flow, displacement by other drug increasing Vd hence t 2/1 increases.