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Human physiology > Chapter 1- Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization and the related fields of study?

A

1) . Chemistry (atoms & molecules)
2) . Molecular Biology (cells & molecules)
3) . Cell Biology (molecules, cells, tissues)
4) . Physiology (molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations)
5) . Ecology (everything & ecosystems of different species &a biosphere)

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2
Q

Consists of heart, blood vessels, & blood

Functions to transport materials between all cells of the body

A

Circulatory system

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3
Q

Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

Functions to convert food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes

A

Digestive system

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4
Q

Thyroid gland, adrenal gland

Function: coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

Functions to defend against foreign invaders

A

Immune system

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6
Q

Skin

Protection from external environment

A

Integumentary system

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles and bone

Support and movement

A

Musculoskeletal system

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8
Q

Brain & spinal cord

Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

Ovaries, uterus, testes

Perpetuation of species

A

Reproductive system

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10
Q

Lungs and airways

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

A

Respiratory system

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11
Q

Kidneys and bladder

Maintenance of water and allures in the internal environment; waste removal

A

Urinary system

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12
Q

Function is the “why” or the adaptive significance of the event

Thinking about the adaptive significance

A

Teleological approach

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13
Q

Examines the process, the “how”

A

Mechanistic approach

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14
Q

What are the themes in physiology?

A

1) . Structure & function (form fits function)
- molecular interactions
- compartmentation
2) . Energy storage, transfer, and use
3) . Information flow within the species, organism, and cell
4) . Homeostasis
- stability of internal environment

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15
Q

Organ systems in the body work to keep the internal environment constant despite changes in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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16
Q

What does the body’s internal environment consist of?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF- closely regulated by the body)

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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17
Q

What separates the cell from the ECF?

A

Cell membrane

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18
Q

What goes in must come out

Open system

Output must equal input

Existing body load + intake or metabolic production - exertion or metabolic removal

A

Mass balance law

19
Q

From outside the body (food, drink, gasses, lipids)

From inside the body (metabolism, CO2)

A

Intake/input

20
Q

Excretion (urine, feces, lungs, skin)

A

Output

21
Q

Any foreign substance in the body

A

Xenobiotic

22
Q

Use to follow material throughout the body

=concentration of (y) x volume flow

A

Mass flow

23
Q

The rate at which a substance disappears from the blood

Volume of (x) cleared per unit of time (indirect measure)

A

Clearance

24
Q

Physiological normal range

A

Set point

25
Q

What are the two groups of control mechanisms?

A

1) . Local (paracrine)

2) . Long-distance, reflex control (endocrine and nervous)

26
Q

What are the basic components of all control systems?

A

1) . Input signal
2) . Integrating center
3) . Output signal - creates response

27
Q

How do cells in local control respond?

A

Cells in the vicinity of the change initiate the response

28
Q

How do cells respond in reflex control?

A

Cells at a distant site control the response

29
Q

Type of response loop

Homeostatic

A

Negative feedback loops

30
Q

Type of feedback loop

Not homeostatic

A

Positive feedback loop

31
Q

When the response of a system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in motion

The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop

A

Negative feedback

32
Q

When the response of a system goes in the same direction as the change that set it in motion

The response reinforced the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the setpoint

A

Positive feedback

33
Q

When the response loop starts in anticipation of the change

Ex- salivation

A

Feedforward

34
Q

Changes in the set point of a regulated variable

Ex- circadian rhythm

A

Biological rhythms (biorhythms)

35
Q

Quantified the distribution of one variable over a range of values

A

Histogram

36
Q

Each point represents one member of a test population

Points never connect by lines

Has best fit line

A

Scatter plot

37
Q

When the individual is both the experimental subject and control

Reduce variability

A

Crossover study

38
Q

Subjects don’t know during the study

A

Blind study

39
Q

Third party knows what is happening during the study

A

Double blind

40
Q

Control first half switch to experimental group and vice verses

No one involved knows who is taking the active treatment

A

Double blind crossover study

41
Q

Make comparisons at a single point in time

Allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time

A

Cross sectional studies

42
Q

Make comparisons over time

Researchers can detect developments or changes in the characteristics of the target population at both the group and the indivisible level

Can establish sequences of events

A

Longitudinal studies

43
Q

Watch for outcomes during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk

A

Prospective studies

44
Q

Looks backwards and examines exposure to suspected risk factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study

A

Retrospective study

Human physiology (17 decks)

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