Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human physiology > Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what branch is involved in sensory physiology?

A

afferent branch of peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conscious interpretation of the world based on sensory systems, memory, and other neural processes

A

perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does information travel?

A
  • sent from periphery to CNS
    • external environment (sensory receptors)
    • internal environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the sensory systems that enable us to perceive the external environment?

A
  • somatosensory system
    • somatic
    • proprioception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sensations of the skin

A

somatic division of somatosensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

perception of limb and body positions

A

proprioception division of somatosensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are our special senses that help us perceive the external environment?

A
  • vision
  • hearing
  • balance and equilibrium
  • taste
  • smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Detect specific form of energy in the external environment

- Modality: light, sound, pressure, temperature, chemicals

A

sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a given sensory receptor is specific for each?

A

modality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the modality that the receptor is most responsive.

A

adequate stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

modality that activates photoreceptors causing the perception of light

A

blow to the eye (pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are types of sensory receptors?

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are some stimuli for chemoreceptors?

A
  • oxygen
  • pH
  • organic molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some stimuli for mechanoreceptors?

A
  • pressure
  • cell stretch
  • vibration
  • acceleration
  • sound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the stimulus for photoreceptors?

A

photons of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the stimulus for thermoreceptors?

A

varying degrees of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

conversion of stimulus energy into electrical enery

A

sensory transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the potentials involved in sensory transduction?

A
  • receptor or generator potentials
    • graded potential
    • opening or closing of ion channels
    • triggered by sensory stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens if the receptor potential exceeds the threshold?

A
  • can generate an action potential

- release of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two basic forms sensory receptors exist in?

A
  • neural sensory receptor

- sensory receptor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

-neurons
with free nerve endings
-they may have myelinated or
unmyelinated axons.

A

simple receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

have nerve

endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

A

complex neural receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

most special senses receptors are cells
that release neurotransmitter onto sensory
neurons, initiating an action potential

A

nonneural receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

specific neural pathways transmitting information of a specific modality

A

labeled lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what dos activation of a specific pathway cause?

A

causes perception of the associated modality, regardless of which stimulus actually activated the pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where do the pathways for different modalities terminate in?

A

different sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-project to the thalamus

A

most sensory pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

modifies and relays information to cortical centers

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

project primarily to the cerebellum

A

equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does a sensory unit include?

A
  • single afferent neuron and all associated receptors
  • all receptors are of the same type
  • activation potential may result from activation of receptors
  • receptive field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

area in which a sensory unit is activated

A

receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how the nervous system identifies the type, strength, and location of a stimulus

A

sensory coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how is coding done for a stimulus type?

A
  • receptor type activated (light waves)

- specific pathway (to visual cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is perception based on a single sensory pathway?

A

no, brain must integrate info from different sensory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

do we have wet receptors on our skin?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when activated, appropriately transmit a combination of signals that we interpret as wetness.

A

thermoreceptors and touch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is involved in coding for stimulus intensity?

A
  • frequency of action potentials

- number of receptors activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

frequency of action potentials

A

frequency coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

number of receptors activated

A

population coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how do stimulus and receptors correlate?

A

the stronger the stimulus, the more receptors it activates (recruitment)
-can be from same or other afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

A decrease over time in the magnitude of the receptor potential in the presence of a constant stimulus.

A

receptor adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

which receptors show little adaptation to a constant stimulus?

A

tonic receptors, muscle stretch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which receptors adapt quickly to a constant stimulus?

A

phasic receptors, olfactory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

slowly
adapting receptors that respond
for the duration of a stimulus

A

tonic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

rapidly adapt to a

constant stimulus and turn off

A

phasic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q
  • based on receptive fields in somatic senses and vision (size of field & degree of overlap)
  • acuity
  • lateral inhibition
A

coding of stimulus location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

precision with which a stimulus is perceived

A

acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are the steps of lateral inhibition?

A
  1. primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength
  2. pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighbors
  3. inhibition of lateral neurons enhances perception of stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what happens in somatosensory pathways?

A
  1. pain, temperature, & coarse touch cross the midline in the spinal cord
  2. fine touch, vibration, & proprioception pathways cross the mindline in the medulla
  3. sensory pathways synapse in the thalamus
  4. sensations are perceived in the primary somatic sensory cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

depends on chemicals in air that bind to chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfaction

51
Q

located in nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

52
Q

what are the three cell types of olfactory epithelium?

A
  • receptor cells
  • basal cells
  • supporting cells
53
Q

neurons that respond to odorants

A

receptor cells of olfactory epithelium

54
Q

precursor cells for new receptor cells

A

basal cells of olfactory epithelium

55
Q

maintain extracellular environment

A

supporting cells of olfactory epithelium

56
Q

lies high within
the nasal cavity, and its olfactory neurons
project to the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory epithelium

57
Q

carried through the
olfactory cortex to the cerebral cortex
and the limbic system.

A

sensory input at the receptors

58
Q
  • live only about 2 months

- replaced by new neurons whose axons must find their way to the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium

59
Q

neurons that are replaced continuously

A

olfactory receptor cells

60
Q
  • located in mucus

- transport hydrophobic odorants to receptors

A

olfactory binding proteins

61
Q
  • *project into mucus
    • 400 different chemoreceptor proteins
    • olfactory sensory neurons in different combinations
A

cilia

62
Q

how does olfactory signal transduction work?

A
  1. chemical binds to receptor
  2. activates G protein (G olf)
  3. activates adenylate cyclase–> caMP
  4. cAMP directly binds cation channels, opening them
  5. Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell–> depolarization
63
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation

64
Q

how many taste buds do we have and where are they?

A
  • more than 10,000
  • tongue
  • roof of mouth
  • pharynx
65
Q

what part of a taste bud is exposed to saliva in the mouth?

A

pore of taste bud

66
Q

how many taste receptors per taste bud?

A

50-150 taste receptors

  • modified epithelial cells
  • respond to tastants
67
Q

have support cells

A

taste buds

68
Q

are non-neural epithelium

A

taste receptor cells

69
Q

each taste cell is sensitive to?

A

only one taste

70
Q

support cells

A

Type I

71
Q

receptor cells

A

Type II

72
Q

presynaptic cells

A

Type III

73
Q

what protein is involved in taste transduction?

A

Gustducin (special G protein)

74
Q

may sense salt when Na+ enters through channels

A

Type I support cells

75
Q

receptors bind either bitter,
sweet, or umami ligands and release
ATP as a signal molecule.

A

receptor cells with G protein-coupled membrane receptors

76
Q

sense sour taste (H+) when H+ enters the cell through channels

A

presynaptic cells

77
Q

how does taste work?

A
  1. ligands activate the taste cell
  2. various intracellular pathways are activated
  3. Ca2+ signal in the cytoplasm
    triggers exocytosis or ATP
    formation.
  4. Neurotransmitter or ATP is
    released.
  5. Primary sensory neuron fires
    and action potentials are
    sent to the brain.
78
Q

directs sound waves into the ear

A

pinna

79
Q

separate the fluid-filled inner ear from the air-filled middle ear

A

oval window and round window

80
Q

mechanical waves caused by air molecules put into motion

A

sound waves

81
Q

is the perception of energy carried by sound waves

A

hearing

82
Q

is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. Hertz (number of waves per second)

A

pitch of a sound

83
Q

low frequency

A

low pitch

84
Q

high frequency

A

high pitch

85
Q

what is the human range of hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz

86
Q

an interpretation of intensity, a function of wave amplitude (height) 60dB conversation, 120dB danger

A

loudness

87
Q 
distinguished by their frequency, measured
in hertz (Hz), and amplitude, measured in decibels (dB).
A

sound waves

88
Q

what does the cochlea contain?

A
  • Perilymph in vestibular and tympanic duct
  • Endolymph in cochlear duct
  • Cochlear duct contains organ of Corti
89
Q

similar to plasma

A

perilymph in vestibular and tympanic duct

90
Q
  • secreted by epithelial cells

- similar to intracellular fluid (high K+ and Ca2+)

A

endolymph in cochlear duct

91
Q
  • hair cell receptors and support cells
  • sits on basilar membrane
  • partially covered by tectorial membrane
A

cochlear duct contains organ of corti

92
Q

bends sterocilia on non-neural hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

93
Q

what happens when sound waves strike the tympanic membrane?

A

they become vibrations

94
Q

where is the sound wave energy transferred to?

A

the 3 bones of the middle ear, which vibrate

95
Q

attached to the membrane of the oval window

A

the stapes

96
Q

create fluid waves within the cochlea

A

vibrations of the oval window

97
Q

push on the flexible membranes of the cochlear duct

A

fluid waves

98
Q

what happens when hair cells bend and ion channels open?

A

creates an electrical signal that alters neurotransmitter release

99
Q

creates action potentials that travel through the cochlear nerve to the brain

A

neurotransmitter release onto sensory neurons

100
Q

transfers across the cochlear duct into the tympanic duct and is dissipated back into the middle ear at the round window

A

energy from the waves

101
Q

transforms sound waves into electrical signals

A

cochlea

102
Q

project to brain in medulla oblongata

A

primary auditory neurons

103
Q
  • project to higher nuclei

- Synapse in nuclei in midbrain and thalamus before projecting into auditory cortex

A

secondary sensory neurons

104
Q

requires simultaneous input from both ears

A

localization of a sound source

105
Q

has variable sensitivity to sound

wave frequency along its length

A

basilar membrane

106
Q

determines the displacement

of the basilar membrane

A

frequency of sound waves

107
Q

creates
a code that the brain translates as information about the pitch
of sound.

A

location of active hair cells

108
Q

no transmission through either external or middle ear

-blockage or trauma to the bones

A

conductive hearing loss

109
Q

Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself

A

central hearing loss

110
Q

Damage to structures of inner ear (ex. hair cells)

A

sensorineural hearing loss

111
Q

senses
the tilt of the head toward
the right or left shoulder

A

posterior canal of the vestibular apparatus

112
Q

senses rotation of the head as
it turns left or right, such as that
which occurs when shaking the head
“no.”

A

horizontal canal

113
Q

senses
rotation of the head from front
to back, such as that which
occurs when nodding “yes.”

A

superior canal

114
Q

pushes on the gelatinous cupula and activates the hair cells.

A

movement of endolymph

115
Q

when the head turns right, endolymph pushes the cupula to the…?

A

left

116
Q

bulges between semicircular canals and cochlea

A

utricle and saccule

117
Q

oriented to detect linear acceleration

A

utricle and saccule

118
Q

detects forward and backward motion

A

utricle

119
Q

detects up and down motion

A

saccule

120
Q
  • hair cells

- located in gelatinous material covered by otoliths

A

receptor cells

121
Q

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential is known as

A

transduction

122
Q

The intensity of a sensory stimulus is coded by…?

A

the frequency of action potentials

123
Q

The organ of Corti sends electrical information about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by….?

A

the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane.

Human physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions