Enabling Characteristics and Emerging Hallmarks of Neoplastic Cells

Question 1

6 hallmarks of cancer

Answer 1

sustaining proliferqative signaling

evading growth suppressors

activating incasion and metastasis

enabling replicative immortality

Inducing angiogenesis

resisting cell death

Question 2

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 2

Sustaining proliferative signaling

Question 3

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 3

Evading growth suppressors

Question 4

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 4

Activating invasion and metastasis

Question 5

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 5

enabling replicative immortality

Question 6

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 6

indicing angiogenesis

Question 7

What hallmark of cancer

Answer 7

resisting cell death

Question 8

Emerging hallmarks

Answer 8

deregulating cellular energetics

avoiding immune destruction

tumor promoting inflammation

genome instability and mutation

Question 9

enabling characteristics of cancer

phenomena which facilitate normal cells to acquire any one or more of the 6 established hallmarks of cancer

Answer 9

genomic instability and mutation

tumor promoting inflammation

Question 10

Genome instability and mutation

Answer 10

Single or cumulative genomic alterations enhances the acquisition of one or more of the hallmarks of cancer

susceptibility to mutations occurs when defects occur in:

DNA damage sensors and repair activators (eg TP53)

DNA repair apparatus such as mismatch repair proteins

Systems which inactivate or intercept mutagenic molecules before DNA damage can occur

Question 11

Tumor promoting inflammation

Answer 11

An inflammatory state also facilitates acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer due to increased bioactive molecules

Growth factors enhance proliferative signaling

Survival facots help avoid programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Proangiogenetic factors stimulate angiogenesis

Extracellular matrix modifying factors may stimulate angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis

Inductive signals help activate epithelial mesenchymal transition program

Question 12

Emerging hallmarks of cancer

phenomena which are increasingly being recognised as playing an important role in cancer development

Answer 12

Deregulating cellular energetics

Avoiding immune destruction

Question 13

Deregulating cellular energetics

Answer 13

Reprogramming of normal cellular energy metabolism by tumor cells via

1) converting from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis

lower energy yeild is compensated for by upregulating glucose uptake receptors (GLUT-1)

Concept employed in PET-CT cans

2) Glycolytic feuling associated with activated oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes

Question 14

Avoiding immune destruction

Answer 14

Immunogeneic tumor cells may secrete immunosuppressive facotrs like TGF-beta

Tumor cells may recruit suppressive inflammatory cells such as regulatory T cells

Question 15

Answer 15

Drugs that target specific hallmarks of cancers

Question 16

How would you attack

sustaining proliferative signaling

Answer 16

EGFR inhibitors

Question 17

How would you attack

evading growth suppressors

Answer 17

cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors

Question 18

How would you attack

avoiding immune destruction

Answer 18

immune activating anti-CTLA4 MAb

Question 19

How would you attack

enabling replicative immortality

Answer 19

telomerase inhibitors

Question 20

How would you attack

tumor promoting inflammation

Answer 20

selective antiinflammatory drugs

Question 21

How would you attack

Activating invasion and metastasis

Answer 21

inhibitors of HGF/c-Met

Question 22

How would you attack

inducing angiogenesis

Answer 22

inhibitors of VEGF signaling

Question 23

How would you attack

genome instability and mutation

Answer 23

PARP inhibitors

Question 24

How would you attack

resisting cell death

Answer 24

pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetics

Question 25

How would you attack

deregulating cellular energetics

Answer 25

aerobic glycolysis inhibitors