Anatomy - Bones, Cartilage and Joints

Question 1

What 2 things make up the skeleton?

Answer 1

Bones and cartilage. Slide 2

Question 2

What are the four functions of bone?

Answer 2

Support and protection, calcium metabolism, RBC formation and attachment for skeletal muscles. Slide 2

Question 3

How many types of joints are there in the skeleton?

Answer 3

27 approx.

Question 4

What are the joints in the skull?

Answer 4

Craniovertebral and the temporomandibular joints. Slide 4

Question 5

What are the joints in the chest, shoulders, spine and pelvic girdle?

Answer 5

Acromioclavicular, shoulder, sternoclavicular, sternal angle, costochondral, sternocostal, costovertebral, intervertebral discs, facet, sacroiliac, hip and pubic symphysis joints. Slide 4

Question 6

What are the joints in the upper limb?

Answer 6

elbow, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar, wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal(PIP&DIP) joints. Slide 4

Question 7

What are the joints in the lower limb?

Answer 7

Knee, proximal and distal tibiofibular, ankle (talocrural), subtalar, midtarsal and MTP, PIP, DIP joints. Slide 4

Question 8

What are the 3 main different types of joints?

Answer 8

Cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial. Slide 5

Question 9

Where a joint has increased mobility it has…..

Answer 9

Decreased stability. Slide 5

Question 10

There are 3 subgroups in fibrous joints, what are they called and their properties?

Answer 10

Syndesmoses - unites bones with fibrous sheets e.g. interosseous membranes
Sutures - between bones of skulls, very stable e.g. coronal suture.
Fontanelles - wide sutures in the neonatal skull. Slide 6

Question 11

Describe the 3 types of fontanelles and what their purpose is?

Answer 11

There is posterior, anterior and lateral fontanelles. They allow the bones of the skull to slip over each other making the babies head smaller when moving through the birth canal and is called moulding. Slide 7

Question 12

What are the 2 subgroups of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 12

Primary and secondary cartilaginous joints.
Primary - (synchondroses) are usually in the long bones and fuse bones together.
Secondary - (Symphyses) are strong with fibrocartilage between so they don’t ossify and never fuse. Slide 8

Question 13

What is an example of a slipped primary and secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 13

Primary - Left femoral epiphysis slipped in hip bone.
Secondary - Slipped disc between vertebrae, where the inner soft nucleus pulposus pushes out through the outer fibrous annulus fibrous and compresses spinal cord. Slide 9+10

Question 14

What are the 8 typical features of synovial joints?

Answer 14

-2 or more bones
-Articulating with each other
articular surfaces covered in hyaline
-A capsule is around the joint
-A joint cavity which has synovial fluid
-Supported by ligaments
-Associated with skeletal muscles and tendons
- Associated with bursae (fluid filled pouch)
- Can have special features. Slide 11

Question 15

What does synovial fluid allow?

Answer 15

Slick articulation at joints. Slide 11

Question 16

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints and describe them?

Answer 16

Ball & socket - multi-axial movement e.g. hip joint
Pivot - 45 degrees rotation e.g. atlanto axial joint
Plane - min. movement within 1 plane e.g. acromioclavicular joint
Hinge - reasonable movement in 1 plane e.g. elbow
Biaxial - range of movement in one plane, less in another. Two types saddle e.g. carpometacarpal joint
Condyloid e.g. metacarpalphalangeal joint. Slide 12

Question 17

What is the most stable joint to the least stable joint?

Answer 17

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Slide 13

Question 18

What determines stability in joints?

Answer 18

The shape and fit, if it is a shallow socket, less stable, a deeper socket is more stable. Slide 13

Question 19

What are the normal ranges of the shoulder joint? (don’t need to know in year 1)

Answer 19

Flexion - 180
Extension - 90
Abduction - 180
Adduction - 45 (not assessed clinically)
Internal rotation - 90
External rotation 60. Slide 14

Question 20

What are the normal ranges of the hip joint? (don’t need to know in year 1)

Answer 20

Flexion - 135
Extension - 15 (not assessed clinically)
Abduction - 45
Adduction - 30
Internal rotation - 35
External rotation - 45. Slide 14

Question 21

What is subluxation?

Answer 21

When there is a reduced area of contact between articular surfaces. Slide 15

Question 22

What is dislocation?

Answer 22

When there is complete loss of contact between articular surfaces. Slide 15

Question 23

Where are the most common dislocations in the head?

Answer 23

Craniovertebral joints and the temporomandibular joints. Slide 16

Question 24

Where are the most common dislocations in the upper body?

Answer 24

Acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow and interphalangeal joints. Slide 16

Question 25

Where are the most common dislocations in the lower body?

Answer 25

The hip, pubic symphysis, knee and ankle joints. Slide 16

Question 26

Which parts make up the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 26

The mandibular fossa, the articular tubercle and the head of the condylar process of the mandible. Slide 17

Question 27

What bone is the articular tubercle on?

Answer 27

The temporal bone superiorly. Slide 17

Question 28

What is the special feature of the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 28

It is a synovia joint and has an articular disc. The disc splits the synovial cavity into two sections, a superior and inferior articular cavity. Slide 18

Question 29

What happens when the temporomandibular joint dislocates?

Answer 29

The head of the condylar process of the mandible becomes ‘stuck’ anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. Slide 19

Question 30

Is a dislocation of the temporomandibular joint always bilateral?

Answer 30

No, it can be unilateral too. Slide 20

Question 31

Do joints have great sensory nerve and blood supplies? If so, why?

Answer 31

They do, sensory nerves detect pain, temp., joint position. Arteries supply joints and there are also periarticular arterial anastomoses. This means that if you flex your knee, the blood supply won’t be completely cut off. Slide 21