Pharmacology - Autonomic Physiology and Pharmacology

Question 1

What type of signal carries a stimulation from the CNS to the PNS?

Answer 1

An efferent signal away from the CNS to the PNS. Slide 3

Question 2

What type of signal carries a stimulation from the PNS to the CNS?

Answer 2

An afferent signal towards the CNS. Slide 3

Question 3

What can the PNS be subdivided into?

Answer 3

Somatic EFFERENT, Autonomic and somatic AFFERENT. Slide 3

Question 4

What can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided into?

Answer 4

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and debatably the Enteric nervous system. Slide 3

Question 5

Is the ANS mostly voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 5

Involuntary. Slide 4

Question 6

Do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together or against each other?

Answer 6

Work simultaneously together. Slide 5

Question 7

What is the transmitter of the preganglionic neurones in the sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 7

Acetylcholine. Slide 6

Question 8

What is the receptor for acetylcholine in the preganglionic neurones in para + sympathetic?

Answer 8

Nicotinic cholinoceptors. Slide 6

Question 9

In the sympathetic nervous system what is the transmitter and the receptor in the postganglionic neurone?

Answer 9

Noradrenaline or adrenaline (not as often however) with adrenergic receptors. Slide 6

Question 10

In the parasympathetic nervous system what is the transmitter and the receptor in the postganglionic neurone?

Answer 10

Acetylcholine with muscurinic receptors. Slide 6

Question 11

In the sympathetic system what are the 2 places where the pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse together?

Answer 11

Paravertebral ganglia and the prevertebral ganglia, both close to the spinal cord. Slide 7

Question 12

In sympathetic why is the preganglion neuron short and the post neuron long?

Answer 12

Because the preganlionic neuron only goes to the para and prevertebral ganglia which are close to the spinal cord where as the postganglionic neuron innervates effector cells distant to the ganglia so needs to be long. Slide 7

Question 13

Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic neurones synapse with the postganglionic neurones?

Answer 13

In the terminal ganglia distant to the CNS. Slide 7

Question 14

What colour do myelinated and non myelinated neurones appear like?

Answer 14

Myelinated are white, non myelinated are grey. Slide 7

Question 15

Which neuron fibres are largely unmyelinated?

Answer 15

The postganglionic fibres in both ANS divisions. Slide 7

Question 16

What are Motor B-fibres?

Answer 16

They are the myelinated preganglionic fibres in both ANS divisions. Slide 7

Question 17

Where are the paravertebral ganglia situated?

Answer 17

In the sympathetic chains next to the spinal cord. Slide 8

Question 18

What are the 4 prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic system?

Answer 18

Coeliac, aorticorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric. Slide 8

Question 19

What is special about the adrenal gland in regards to the its sympathetic outflow?

Answer 19

The adrenal gland is innervated by a preganglionic neurone with ACh transmitter as the medulla of the gland releases A /NA as hormones. Slide 8

Question 20

Where are the preganglionic fibre cell bodies found in the spinal cord?

Answer 20

The intermediolaterial cell column (lateral horn). Slide 9

Question 21

Whats the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 21

Eccrine are thermoregulatory and have ACh as the transmitter in the sympathetic system not adrenoceptors where as apocrine is normal sympathetic post ganglionic with adrenergic receptors. Slide 10

Question 22

What other neurotransmitters in addition to NA are there in the post ganglionic fibres?

Answer 22

Adenosine triphosphate and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Slide 10

Question 23

Where does the parasympathetic outflow occur from?

Answer 23

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, and sacral spinal nerves S2-S4. Slide 11

Question 24

Where are the preganglionic fibre cell bodies located in the parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 24

The brainstem and the sacral segments (2-4). Slide 12

Question 25

What makes up the brainstem in the parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 25

The midbrain, pons and medulla. Slide 12

Question 26

What cranial nerve comes out the midbrain and to what ganglion?

Answer 26

CNN III and the ciliary. Slide 12

Question 27

What cranial nerve comes out the Pons and to what ganglion?

Answer 27

CN VII and the pterygopalatine and the submandibular. Slide 12

Question 28

What cranial nerve comes out the medulla and to what ganglion?

Answer 28

CN IX and the otic ganglion. Slide 12