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Organismal Bio 111 > Exam 1 - Outline 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Outline 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology’s core theme = __________

A

Evolution

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2
Q

If it doesn’t make sense evolutionarily, it doesn’t make sense in __________ .

A

biology

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3
Q

a. Currently no other scientific theory that explains how well the world works as well as the theory of __________ .

A

evolution

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4
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling – it is always changing

A

Perpetual Change

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5
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual Change -
The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling – it is always __________

A

changing

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6
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
-Basic component on which all others are based.

A

Perpetual Change

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7
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual Change-
Evidence:
__________ : allows scientist to piece together the history of life

A

A. Fossil Record

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8
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Fossil Record: allows scientist to piece together the history of life
–Life goes back in time:

  • __________ years for animals
  • 1.5 billion years for the first Eukaryotes
  • __________ years for monerans (prokaryotes)
A
  • 600 million

- 3.5 billion

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9
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Fossil Record: allows scientist to piece together the history of life
–Life goes back in time:

  • 600 million years for animals
  • __________ years for the first Eukaryotes
  • 3.5 billion years for monerans (prokaryotes)
A

1.5 billion

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10
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual change is so well documented for __________ that all reputable scientists regard it as scientific fact

A

fossil records

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11
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual change is so well documented for fossil records that all reputable scientists regard it as __________

A

scientific fact

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12
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages

A

Common Descent

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13
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of __________

A

lineages

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14
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Living things have a __________ history
-Ancestors > __________ > Decendents
(Life Comes from Life)

A
  • unified

- Organism

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15
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Living things have a unified history
- __________ > Organism > __________
Life Comes from Life

A
  • Ancestors

- Decendents

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16
Q

-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Have the ability to trace the __________ of todays modern species back until they converge on ancesteral lineages that are shared with other __________

A
  • genealogies

- species

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17
Q

__________ : Similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry

A

Homology

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18
Q

-Similar organisms have a more recent common ancestor than __________ organisms

A

dissimilar

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19
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -
A single (ancestral) population can split to produce two or more populations that become different from each other (and the ancestral population) with time
A

Multiplication of Species

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20
Q 
Multiplication of Species-
A single (ancestral) population can split to produce two or more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  that become different from each other (and the ancestral population) with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • populations

- time

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21
Q

Multiplication of Species-

-One species splits into two species. One is divided from the other and __________ into a different species over time.

A

evolves

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22
Q

Multiplication of Species-

Galapagos Islands & Darwin’s Finches
-13 species of __________ on Galapagos Island

A

finches

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23
Q

Multiplication of Species-

Galapagos Islands & Darwin’s Finches
-Came from a single female into ___ species (with time)

A

13

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24
Q

3 steps in evolution of finches-

  1. Immigrant finches __________ an island
  2. After population becomes established, the finches dispersed to other islands. Over time they adapt to new conditions and change genetically.
  3. After periods of __________ , secondary contact is established between the different populations
A
  • colonize

- isolation

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25
Q

3 steps in evolution of finches-

  1. Immigrant finches colonize an island
  2. After __________ becomes established, the finches dispersed to other islands. Over time they adapt to new conditions and change __________ .
  3. After periods of isolation, secondary contact is established between the different populations
A
  • population

- genetically

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26
Q

3 steps in evolution of finches-

different populations are then recognized as separate species if they can not successfully __________

A

interbreed

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27
Q

__________ : The production of many ecologically diverse species from a common ancesteral species

A

Adaptive Radiation

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28
Q

Adaptive Radiation: The production of many ecologically diverse __________ from a common __________ species

A
  • species

- ancesteral

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29
Q

__________ -

Populations of organisms accumulate small (incremental) changes over very long periods of time.

A

Gradualism

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30
Q

Gradualism -

Populations of organisms accumulate __________ (incremental) changes over very __________ periods of time.

A
  • small

- long

31
Q

Gradualism -

The accumulation of small changes may eventually lead to an overall “__________” change

A

large

32
Q

__________ transformation (Gradualism)

A

Phyletic

33
Q

Gradualism -
found intermediate species:

  • __________ : Reptile bird (ancient Wing)
  • Tiktallik: __________
A
  • Archaeoptryx

- Fishapod

34
Q

Gradualism -
found intermediate species:

  • Archaeoptryx: __________
  • __________ : Fishapod
A
  • Reptile bird (ancient Wing)

- Tiktallik

35
Q

__________ -

This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be designed to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called adaptation.

A

Natural Selection

36
Q

Natural Selection-

This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be __________ to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called __________ .

A
  • designed

- adaptation

37
Q

__________ -

This is a natural process by which populations accumulate favorable characteristics over long periods of time.

A

Natural Selection

38
Q

Natural Selection-

This is a natural process by which populations accumulate favorable __________ over long periods of time.

A

characteristics

39
Q

-Natural selection is the mechanism that produces/explains __________

A

adaptations

40
Q

postulate is an assumption of __________

A

truth

41
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-

P.1 – Individuals within a population __________ from one another .

A

differ

42
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-

P.2 – The differences are __________ from parent to offspring.

A

passed

43
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-

P.3 – Some individuals are more successful at __________ and reproducing

A

-surviving

44
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-

P.4 – Successful individuals are not merely __________, they succeed because of the variant traits they inherited and pass them on to their __________ .

A
  • lucky

- offspring

45
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-
P.3 -
- natural populations do fluctuate in size from generation to generation and some will go __________.
- “struggle for __________” among individuals within a population

A
  • extinct

- existence

46
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-
P.4-
individuals with favorable traits will survive better than those with __________ traits; this is called differential __________

A
  • unfavorable

- survival

47
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-
P.4
- individuals with favorable traits will survive better than those with unfavorable traits; this is called differential survival
- they will produce __________ offspring than the individuals without those traits; this is called differential __________

A
  • more

- reproduction

48
Q

Darwin’s Postulates-

If all four postulates are true, then the population will inevitably change from one __________ to the next

A

-generation

49
Q

Differential Survival + Differential Reproduction = __________

A

Natural Selection

50
Q

Differential __________ + Differential __________ = Natural Selection

A
  • Survival

- Reproduction

51
Q

__________ – an inherited characteristic of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

A

Adaptation

52
Q

Adaptation – an inherited characteristic of organisms that enhance their __________ and __________ in specific environments

A
  • survival

- reproduction

53
Q

Adaptation is a trait that increases an organisms __________ compared to individuals lacking it

A

fitness

54
Q

__________ : The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals.

A

Relative Fitness

55
Q

Relative Fitness: The contribution an individual makes to the __________ pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other __________ .

A
  • gene

- individuals

56
Q

**Natural Selection is the only process that can naturally create __________ .

A

adaptation

57
Q

Natural selection operates on __________

A

individuals

58
Q

survival of the fittest-

-Less fit are not necessarily __________ , they just don’t survive as well as the fit.

A

eliminated

59
Q

Natural selection operates on individuals, populations __________

A

evolve

60
Q

Is evolution via natural selection a goal-oriented process? __________

A

…. NO

61
Q

-Adaptations can only produce adaptations to immediate, local __________ .

A

environments

62
Q

-Evolution via natural selection cannot know what __________ environments will be like.

A

future

63
Q

-Evolution is always one __________ behind

A

generation

64
Q

-Offsprings are adapted to their __________ environment

A

parents

65
Q

When faced with a changing environment, what options does a population have?

  1. __________
  2. Disperse
  3. __________
A
  • Adapt (via natural selection)

- Go extinct

66
Q

When faced with a changing environment, what options does a population have?

  1. Adapt (via natural selection)
  2. __________
  3. Go extinct
A

Disperse

67
Q

__________ is a typical consequence of the evolutionary process

A

Extinction

68
Q
  1. Can natural selection fashion perfect organisms? __________
A

… NO

69
Q

Selection can only act on an existing variation of a __________ and will favor the fittest __________ currently available

A
  • trait

- phenotypes

70
Q

Evolution is limited by __________ constraints

i. Taking existing structures and adapting them to new __________

A
  • historical

- situations

71
Q

a. Adaptations are often __________

A

compromise

72
Q

Chance, __________ , and the environment interact

A

natural selection

73
Q

Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact:
–Ex; Birds get blown off course during migration, drug resistance __________ , penicillin, mersa, __________ vaccination

A
  • bacteria

- flu

Organismal Bio 111 (8 decks)

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