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Indonesia Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Asian Financial Crisis?

A

1997

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2
Q

What is national unity?

A

Political unity
Social cohesion
Economic equity

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3
Q

Santri Muslims

A

Ascribed to very pure form of Islam

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4
Q

Abangan Muslims

A

Ascribed to localised islam (Combined with traditions)

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5
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the non-pribumi chinese?

A

Transformed into pariah (outcast) status
Had their cultural identities repressed
Separateness institutionalised through legislation and political exclusion

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6
Q

What was the New Order regime like?

A

Defined the Indonesian nation more narrowly as an indigenous nation.
Processes of discrimination and assimilation were intensified and institutionalised, and sealed by military coercion and a repressive state apparatus.

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7
Q

What caused the government to move away from the assimilationist approach towards multi-culturalism?

A

Severe riots of 1998

Domestic and international pressure to redress the issue

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8
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the Santri Muslim Movement?

A

Repressed

The state actively sought ways to eliminate Islam as the basis of political organisation

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9
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the small marginal groups in the Outer Islands?

A

Saw unprecedented intervention in their livelihoods with state penetration of less accessible areas

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10
Q

What happened under President Habibie?

A

Many discriminatory policies repealed

Brought an end to the use of terms “pribumi” in all official programmes and policies

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11
Q

What did President Habibie do in 1999?

A

Introduced a new regional autonomy law that allowed separatist stated to maintain a distinct identity, while remaining as part of the Indonesian state

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12
Q

What did democratisation and relaxation of political control do?

A

Provided opportunities for the promotion of secession, which East Timor eventually succeeded in
Ethnonationalism and religious identities sharpened and erupted into violence (led to riots in 1999)

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13
Q

What were the key national symbols?

A

National language (Bahasa Indonesia)
National anthem
National flag

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14
Q

Pancasila

A 
Belief in one god 
National unity
Humanism 
Social justice
Democracy
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15
Q

“Belief in One God”

A

Aimed at embracing all religious Indonesians, idea of religious freedom and religious pluralism was guaranteed

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16
Q

How was Pancasila spread across Indonesia as a necessary basis for preserving unity?

A

Public speeches, declarations
Made a compulsory subject in school
Obliged all civil servants and businessmen to take the course and pass the examination

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17
Q

Repression to promote Pancasila

A

Ethnic, racial, religious and tribal issues not to be publicly discussed (SARA)
Newspapers, radio and tv stations reminded by Ministry of Information to be responsible in reporting of news

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18
Q

Who opposed to Pancasila?

A

Santri parties

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19
Q

Why was there Santri opposition to Pancasila?

A

They wanted Islam’s role to go beyond a religious force to be a political force

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20
Q

What did the Santri parties do?

A

Joined Darul Islam movement who advocated armed rebellion to promote an Islamic state

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21
Q

How was the Islamic state question put down?

A

By force:
Nasution’s forces reasserted Jakarta’s control
Masjumi banned in 1960
Parliament replaced by guided democracy

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22
Q

Actions of distrust towards Islamic groups by Suharto

A

Placed many abangan Muslims and Christians in the top core of military
Successive cabinets in New Order years marked by Christian-abangan dominance who occupied key positions in government

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23
Q

Example of use of state instruments to repress Islamic demands and contain religious conflict

A

1985 Tanjong Priok affair
Military fired at large crowds of Muims gathered to protest the government’s forcing of PPP to relinquish Islam as its basic ideology, and to remove the symbol of the Muslim shrine from their banner

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24
Q

Why was Islamisation adopted?

A

Suharto reversed New Order’s orientation (prev denied Islamic interests) due to losing support

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25
Q

Creation of ICMI

A

Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals, gave Muslims an official political platform to organise themselves

26
Q

Policy shifts in Islamisation (1980s-90s)

A

Students allowed to wear hijab
Creation of Islamic bank
Nomination of santri Muslims in 1993 cabinet

27
Q

Impacts of Islamisation

A

Increasingly numerous religious conflict

Subsequent displacement of Christians from their former positions

28
Q

(Example) Islamisation: Ambon

A

Muslims placed in all of the most
important positions within regional bureaucracy
Regional heads of national departments (education/health), previously domains of Christians, replaced by Muslims

29
Q

Name the three political parties under the National Party System

A

Golkar (State-sponsored, military-dominated)
PPP (Fusion of Islamic parties)
PDI (Secular nationalist parties and Christian parties)

30
Q

When was the law that required all political organisations to subscribe to Pancasila?

A

1984

31
Q

Implementation of national language

A

All state schools in Indonesia used the national language
(While ethnic languages were permitted to be taught in local schools) Education to be conducted in Bahasa Indonesia from third grade on

32
Q

Standardised curriculum

A

Courses at primary level emphasised Pancasila, Indonesia’s national history, heroes and symbols
Learning of national songs, national school uniforms
Same textbooks across country

33
Q

Aims of Transmigation (1968)

A

Promote national integration by increasing contact between different ethnic groups
Alleviate population pressure in Java, opening Outer Islands to development

34
Q

Impact of Transmigration

A

Strengthened ethnic identities and animosities towards other groups
Balance of representation disrupted

35
Q

(Example/Transmigration) Migrants had different religious/ethnic identities: Maluku

A

Christians used to be slightly more than Muslims but migration brought proportion of Muslims to 56.8% by 1990

36
Q

(Example/Transmigration) Economic deprivation and displacement of local communities
Central Kalimantan

A

Granting of long term logging rights and timbre concessions that came with transmigrants diminished the Dayaks’ customary use of the forest land
Land area reduced from 84%-56% from 1970 to 1999

37
Q

(Example/Transmigration) Accelerating influx of Javanese/Balinese civil servants at expense of local political representation: Flores

A

Many Javanese, Balinese and non-Florinese filled positions in Flores’ expanding local bureaucracy with creation of national departments
Florinese had difficulty accessing training programmes for the civil service/military

38
Q

Name the isolated communities

A 
Tribal communities (Dayaks)
Chinese
39
Q

Even after citizenship rights were granted to the Chinese during the New Order regime,

A

Their marginalisation became even more pronounced as legislation and policies differentiated and excluded all Indonesians of Chinese origins

40
Q

Discriminatory policies against Chinese

A

Regulation of foreign schools (Scrutinise textbooks, interference of recruitment)
Majority of Chinese schools closed in 1958
All Chinese newspapers banned in 1960

41
Q

Economic policies against Chinese

A

Regulations imposed to indigenise rice mills and harbour facilities
PP10 policy

42
Q

PP10 Policy

A

Banned Chinese from retailing business in villages/townships from 1 Jan 1960

43
Q

Political discrimination against Chinese

A

Only a few handpicked Chinese were in the national and regional parliaments
None appointed as ministers/other high offices

44
Q

Assimilationist policies against Chinese

A

Chinese schools closed down/converted to national schools by 1966
Chinese names changed to Indonesian-sounding names
Confucianism removed as official religion, had to convert to either Christianity or Islam
No temples to be built
Publication of chinese characters made illegal
Public performances (lion dance/puppet show) banned

45
Q

What happened during the Anti-Chinese Riots 1998?

A

Chinese Indonesians targeted
Hundreds killed, dozens of women raped
Mass looting in Chinese owned shops, widespread destruction of Chinese property

46
Q

Why did the Anti-Chinese Riots 1998 happen?

A

Discriminatory policies

Chinese-owned conglomerates blamed for AFC

47
Q

Removal of discriminatory policies against Chinese under President Wahid

A 
Chinese papers, schools and Mandarin courses allowed to operate
Confucianism's status reinstated
Lunar New Year made holiday
Chinese reintroduced to politics
Discriminatory acts punishable by law
48
Q

What was the role of military force in East Timor, Irian Jaya and Aceh?

A

Quell resistance

Intimidate population from joining opposition group

49
Q

(Example) Military violence: East Timor

A

TNI opened fire on peaceful demonstration in Dili on 12 November 1991

50
Q

Example) Military violence: Irian Jaya

A

In 1977, military dropped napalm on villages when 15000 people rose in opposition

51
Q

Example) Military violence: Aceh

A

On July 1990, 6000 troops sent to supplement the existing 6000 to weed out GAM forces (that numbered a few hundred)
Torture, killings, arrests, lined up bodies

52
Q

Example) Economic exploitation: East Timor

A

Military rewarded with commercial monopolies (coffee/cloves)

Local producers forced yo sell goods at low prices to village cooperatives

53
Q

Example) Economic exploitation: Irian Jaya

A

Rich copper and gold deposits mined by government for huge profits
No gov budget directed to improvement of Papuans’ lives, went to administrative costs, roads, transmigration

54
Q

Example) Economic exploitation: Aceh

A

Large revenues from large natural gas reserves barely reached population
>70% of Acehnese employed in agriculture

55
Q

Example) Assimilation: East Timor

A

Indonesian curriculum introduced, with aspects of common culture promoted in classrooms

56
Q

Example) Assimilation: Irian Jaya

A

Made primary destination for transmigrants

Campaigns to encourage the abandonment of penis sheaths and wear modern clothes instead

57
Q

Example) Assimilation: Aceh

A

National integration promoted with prohibiting implementation of Islamic Law

58
Q

What was the Free Papuan Movement?

A

Operated on guerilla tactics and kidnapping/hit-and-run attacks to raise attention

59
Q

Impact of Free Papuan Movement (Irian Jaya)

A

Nationalism kept alive
Habibie lifted status of Military Operations Region
Special autonomy law and regional autonomy laws granted in October 2001

60
Q

What was the Free Aceh Movement? (1980s)

A

Armed forces’ continuous presence to protect industrial plants and relative poverty of Acehnese

61
Q

What happened after Aceh was designated a Military Operations Region?

A

Population suffered under military excesses

Violence ended with signing of peace treaty in 2002, granting Aceh special autonomy and implementation of Islamic law

history (3 decks)

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