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2.3.3. Urinary System > Structure & Function > Flashcards

Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the kidneys found?

A

Retroperitoneal

L = T12 – L3

R = T12/L1 – L3/4

Each about 150g

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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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3
Q

What is the blood supply to the kidney?

A

Renal artery enters the hilar region and splits to form the anterior and posterior branch

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4
Q

What is a nephron made up of?

A

Glomerulus = tuft of capillaries between an afferent and efferent arteriole

Tubule = starting with bowmans capsule, PCT, LoH, DCT, collecting duct

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5
Q

What is the ureter vs the urethra?

A

Ureter = smooth muscle, from kidney to bladder

Urethra = bladder to external

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6
Q

Where do the ureters lie?

A

Tips of transverse process

On top of lumbar lumbora

Ascend down the tips of lumbar processes

Over the edge of the pelvic bowl

Enter the bladder posteriorly

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7
Q

Where do structures enter and leave the kidney?

A

kidney hilum

ureter, renal artery/vein

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8
Q

What are the layers of the kidney?

A

Cortex = outer

Medulla = inner, organised in pyramids that contain collecting ducts

Calxys = collect urine

Pelvis = where urine leaves the kidney

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9
Q

Describe the medulla of the kidney

A

innermost part of the kidney

split up into a number of sections = renal pyramids

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10
Q

What is the cortex off the kidney?

A

outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla

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11
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

form the kidney medulla

pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons and collecting ducts

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12
Q

Which kidney is lower and why?

A

Right

Due to liver

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13
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Bag of smooth muscle that stores urine

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14
Q

Outline the blood supply of the kidney

A

A = renal artery - abdominal aorta

V = renal vein - IVC

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15
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulation = control conc of key subs in ECF

Excretion = excretes waste products

Endocrine = synthesis of renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins

Metabolism = active form of Vitamin D, catabolism of insulin, PTH calcitonin

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16
Q

How is Vit D linked to the kidneys?

A

Healthy kidneys are rich with vitamin D receptors

Turns vit D into its active form calcitriol = helps balance CA and phosphorus and regulates PTH

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17
Q

Outline the volume of the body fluid compartments

A

70kg human = 60% water

42L water = 14L ECF + 28L ICF

14L ECF = 11L interstitial water + 3L plasma (circulating blood volume = 3L plasma + 2L RBC)

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18
Q

What is osmolarity vs osmolality?

A

Osmolality –is solute per kilogram of solvent

Osmolarity – number of osmoles of solute per litre

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19
Q

What is an osmole?

A

Measure of the ability to attract water

Proportional to the number of osmotic particles formed in solution

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20
Q

What is the role of the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney

funnel for urine flowing to the ureter

21
Q

What is the function of the major and minor calyx?

A

Urine passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx

two or three minor calyces converge to form a major calyx, continuing through the renal pelvis into the ureter

22
Q

What is the renal papilla?

A

location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney

23
Q

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

A

No net gain/loss of water

24
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Fewer osmolar particles

Water moves into cell

25
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell

26
Q

Outline the intra vs extra cellular electrolyte compositions

A

Intracellular high K+, low Na+, many large organic anions

Extracellular low K+, high Na+, main anion Cl- and HCO3-

27
Q

Outline what happens when there is a failure to control the EC volume

A

Changes in BP, tissue fluid, cell function

Failure to control ECF osmolarity = cell shrink/swell

28
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

between the bladder and the penis, anterior to the rectum

29
Q

Where does the bladder lie?

A

Posterior to the pubic bones and pubic symphysis

When full = may reach as high as the umbilicus

30
Q

What shape is the bladder when it is full vs empty?

A

Empty = tetrahedron

Full = spherical

31
Q

Outline the musculature of the bladder

A

Detrusor muscle = smooth muscle running = transversely, longitudinally, obliquely

32
Q

What are the sphincters of the bladder?

A

Internal = involuntary, circular detrusor muscle

External = voluntary striated detrusor muscle

33
Q

What allows the bladder to expand?

A

rugae

34
Q

Where does the ureter pierce the bladder?

A

Posterior surface

35
Q

How does the journey of the ureter differ in males to females?

A

M = passes under ductus deferens, superior to seminal vesicles

F =posterior to ovary, passing under uterine artery

36
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney

regulating the concentration of sodium salts and water by filtering the kidney’s blood, excreting any excess in the urine and reabsorbing the necessary amounts

37
Q

In what part of the kidney is the proximal convoluted tubules found?

A

Cortex

38
Q

In what part of the kidney is the loop on henle found?

A

Dips in and out the medulla

39
Q

In what part of the kidney is the distal convoluted tubule found?

A

Cortex

40
Q

In what part of the kidney is the collecting duct found?

A

Passed through medulla to pelvis

41
Q

In what part of the kidney is the glomerulus found?

A

Cortex

42
Q

Why is the proximity of the glomerulus and the DCT important?

A

Allows communication between the two

43
Q

Briefly outline the function of the nephron

A

Glomerulus = filters ECF

PCT = reabsorb nearly everything (lots of mitochondria)

Loop of henle = creates conc gradient, fluid leaving is hypotonic

DCT = active, region of choice, removes more Na Cl

Collecting duct = collection of urine to be passed to pelvis, responsive to ADH

44
Q

What factors are reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

99% water
99% Na, Cl
100% bicarb
100% glucose, AA

45
Q

What factor enables the tubules to reabsorb?

A

Lined with epithelial cells = polarised = different transporters each side

Basolateral mem (ECF) = 3Na/2K ATPase creates gradient

Luminal mem = cotransporters uses gradient

46
Q

What types of pumps are on the luminal membrane?

A

Na = secondary active transport, Na enters down conc gradient, energy released drives glucose reabsorption

47
Q

What is intravenous urogram?

A

radiological procedure to visualize abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, bladder

uses contrast

48
Q

What is the diff between para-renal and peri-renal fat?

A

para = superficial to the renal fascia

peri = between the renal fascia and renal capsule

2.3.3. Urinary System (23 decks)

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