Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Disease

Question 1

Outline the presenting complaint of CKD

Answer 1

Abnormal blood result/urine dipstick

Fatigue

Loss of appetite = loss of weight

Acute illness/recent infection

Ankle swelling

Haematuria

Question 2

Outline the presenting complaint of AKI

Answer 2

Preceding illness

Intercurrent illness

History of volume depletion

Fatigue

Ankle swelling/SoB

Nausea/vomiting

Pain (supra-pubic/loin/joints)

Change in urine – amount/colour

Dysuria

Fever

Question 3

What are the risk factors of kidney disease?

Answer 3

DM

Hypertension

IHD

Cerebrovascular disease

Known CKD

In younger pts = enuresis, probs in preg

Question 4

What factors are of concern in a family history regarding kidney disease?

Answer 4

Previous kidney disease

DM

Hypertension

Cerebrovascular disease

Auto-immune disease

UTIs

Question 5

What is seen on a general examination of someone with kidney disease?

Answer 5

Pale = anaemia

Red eyes

Bruises = don’t clot so well

Question 6

What factors are examined on a urine dip?

Answer 6

Protein = depends on time of day, early morning best,

Blood = consider menstruation, extreme exercise

Glucose = never present unless preg

Ketones = starving

White cells = think of catheters

Nitrites

Question 7

Outline the causes of proteinuria

Answer 7

Majority of causes are non-glomerular

Non = UTI, inflam, kidney tubules damage (CKD, AKI)

Glomerular = glomerularnephritits, amyloidosis, fever, exercise

Question 8

Outline the causes of haematuria

Answer 8

Renal infarction

Renal calculi

Trauma

Renal cysts

Carcinoma

Stone

Cystitis

BPH

Warfarin pt that has been over coagulated

Question 9

Outline the causes of WBCs present on a urine dipstick

Answer 9

Infection

GN

Interstitial nephritis/cystitis

Neoplasms

Stones