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Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics > Structure and function of the NS- Spina bifida > Flashcards

Structure and function of the NS- Spina bifida Flashcards

1
Q

split into

A

autonomic (sum and para) and somatic

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2
Q

Spinal nerves are part of the

A

somatic nervous system

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3
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31- innovate different parts of your body

–> made up of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons

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4
Q

afferent

A

sensory

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5
Q

efferent

A

motor

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6
Q

Autonomic NS is made up of

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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7
Q

brain stem

A

autonomic NS

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8
Q

sympathetic innovation

A

fight or flight- thoracolumbar

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9
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • rest and digest- craniosacrel
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10
Q

autonomic NT

A

noradrenaline or adrenaline

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11
Q

what innovates thoracic region

A

sympathetic

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12
Q

what innovates neck and bottom part of the back

A

parasympathetic

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13
Q

somatic

A

motor function

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14
Q

main features of the somatic nervous system

A
  • always 1 efferent motor neurone from CNS to target organ
  • cell body in the CNS
  • NT released from terminal bouton- alway ACh in somatic
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15
Q

NT in somatic NS is always

A

ACh

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16
Q

receptor on target organ in somatic NS is always

A

nicotinic - inotropic receptor (Na+ channel- ligand gated)

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17
Q

bouton=

A

presynaptic knob

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18
Q

do somatic neurones have pre-and post ganglionic neurones

A

no- just one efferent motor neurone

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19
Q

sympathetic neurones structure:

A

1 short preganglionic neurone and a longer post ganglion neurone.

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20
Q

sympathetic neurones always release … from preganglionic neurones

A

ACh- always an ACh nicotinic receptor

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21
Q

sympathetic postganglionic always have an

A

adrenoreceptor (noradrenaline released from postgwanglonic neurone terminal bouton)-

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22
Q

adrenoreceptor found on sympathetic post ganglionic neurone is

A

metabotropic- GPCR- longer response

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23
Q

heart- sympathetic

A

B1 adrenergic receptor (GalphaS)- ionotropy, chemotrophy and luistropy

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24
Q

luistropy

A

rate of mycardio relaxation

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25
Q

bronchiole- sympathetic

A

B2 adrengeric receptor (GalphaS)- relaxes

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26
Q

parasympathetic neurone structure

A

2 neurones cranial and sacral

  • 1 long preganglionic neurone from CNS
  • 1 short postganglionic neurone- ACh released
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27
Q

receptor on post ganglionic parasympathetic neurone is

A

nicotinic ACh

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28
Q

ganglia in parasympathetic neurone is found

A

near effector organ

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29
Q

what kind of receptor is found on parasympathetic target organ

A

muscarinic acetyl choline receptors- metabotropic- GPCR

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30
Q

M2 heart- relaxation

A

GalphaI

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31
Q

M3 exocrine glands

A

GalphaQ

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32
Q

GPCR

A

7 transmembrane

3 subunits-heterotrimeric, alpha, beta, gamma

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33
Q

GalphaS

A

activates adenylate cyclase- increase in cAM- activates PKA

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34
Q

GalphaI

A

inhibits adenylate cycle- less cAMP

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35
Q

GbetagammaO

A

activates K_ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channels

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36
Q

GalphaO

A

activates phospholipase C: increase in IP3

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37
Q

dermatomes

A

areas of the skin innovated by the 1 spinal nevers

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38
Q

C1 has no

A

dermatomes

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39
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve (heart, stomach, small and large intestine and bronchiole tree)

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40
Q

CN III

A

eyes

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41
Q

CN VII

A

face

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42
Q

CN IX

A

mouth, taste, salivation

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43
Q

S2-S4

A

parasympathetic

-pelvic splanchnic

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44
Q

T1-L3 (thoracic region)

A

sympathetic

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45
Q

peeing is

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

46
Q

peeing uses the… NS

A

somatic

47
Q

therapeutics for urinary incontinence

A

muscarininc M3 antagonists aka Anticholinergics

48
Q

anticholingerics

A

muscarinic M3 antagonistics

49
Q

external sphincter is under

A

voluntary somatic control

50
Q

sympathetic nervous system … the bladder

A

relaxes

-detrsor muscle and this constricts the internal sphincter and stops us weeing- adrenergic receptors B2/B3

51
Q

therapeutics for those who struggle to urinate

A
  • alpha1- adrenoreceptors antagonists- relaxes internal sphincter- helps micturition if blockages e.g. enlarged prostate
  • B3- adrenoreceptor agonist- enhances bladder agonists
52
Q

micturition

A

peeing

53
Q

innervation of bladder is

A

parasympathetic

54
Q

parasympathetic nerves which innervate the bladder

A

pelvic, S2-3

55
Q

bladder filling and emptying cycle

A

1) bladder fills–> detrusor muscle relax
2_ urethral sphincter contracts causing first desire to wee (bladder half full)
3) sympathetic innervation causes urination to be voluntarily inhibited until time and place is right
4) urination occurs when due to parasympathetic innervation the urethral sphincter relaxes
5) the detrusor muscles contract

56
Q

how many ml in bladder

A

200-400ml

57
Q

which receptors signal to S2, S3

A

stretch

58
Q

sphincters

A

controls urine flow and maintains continence between voidings

59
Q

is micturition a reflex

A

in infants- just a spinal reflex

in adults-spinal reflex, along with higher control

60
Q

resting potential of membrane

A

-70mV- highly permeable to K+ and Cl-

61
Q

refractory period

A

short period after an AP, in which another AP will not be generated- discrete

62
Q

key points of AP

A

all or nothing, discrete unidirection

63
Q

process of an AP

A

1) resting potential maintained by leak K+ current- highly permeable to K+ and Cl-
2) depolarisation- when membrane potential reaches the threshold, botlage gated Na+ are activated
3) more voltage gated Na+ open- AP
4) rapid depolarisation- Na+ channels inactivated and slower voltage gated K+ channels activated
5) voltage gated K+ channels can use an overshoot- hyperpolarisation

64
Q

grooves in the brain

A

sulci, gyri and fissures

65
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves found on the cerebral cortex

66
Q

gyri

A

ridges found on the cerebral cortex

67
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves on the cerebral cortex

68
Q

what protests the brain

A

meninges, skull and csf

69
Q

meninges

A

three layers dura mater, arachnid mater an dpi mater

70
Q

csf

A

cerebrospinal fluid- produced in the ventricles which surround and cushion the brain

71
Q

primitive brain parts

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

72
Q

midbrain

A

motor movement, such as eye movement and some auditory and visual processing

73
Q

pons

A

connects upper and lower parts of the brain

74
Q

medulla oblongata

A

sustains basic reflex functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

75
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary movement, emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, problem solving

76
Q

parietal

A

integrating sensory information: tough pressure, temp and pain

77
Q

occipital

A

processing visual info

78
Q

temporal

A

hearing, language recognition and memory formation

79
Q

limbic

A

emotion, behaviour, motivation, LTM and olfaction

80
Q

grey matter

A

outer layer of the brain made up neuronal cell bodies

81
Q

white matter

A

inner layer the brain made up of myelinated axons

82
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest of several bundles of nerve fibres- connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

83
Q

basal ganglia

A

islands of great matter deep within the brain

84
Q

limbic system is made up of

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus

85
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for functions such as monitoring body temp, nutrient levels, water-salt balance, blood flow, hormone lies and sleep wake cycle

86
Q

amygdala

A

memory processing, decision making and emotional rections

87
Q

thalamus

A

regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness

88
Q

hippocamus

A

short term memory

89
Q

what is a biomarker

A

a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological response
-clinical assessment

90
Q

characteristic of biomarker

A

safe and easy to use, cost effective, modifiable treatment, consistent across gender and ethnic groups, rapid return of results

91
Q

uses of biomarkers

A
  • to detect severity or presence of a disease

- to assess effectiveness of particular therapies

92
Q

common biomarkers

A

proteins or peptides, antibodies, cell types, metabolites, lipids, hormones, enzyme levels, introduced substance

93
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

1) Motor Neuron releases ACh at neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors
2) Na+ moves into the cell initiating a action potential
3) Action potential propagates down into the T-tubule and alters the conformation of the DHP receptor
4) DHP is mechanically linked to RYR therefor when the shape of DHP changes RYR opens releasing Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm
5) Ca2+ binds to troponin causing Actin-Myosin binding
6) Myosin heads move together in the power stroke
7) Actin filament slides towards centre of sarcomere

94
Q

myotomes

A

the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates

-used in diagnosis to test motor function of the nerve root. determine if there is a problem on the spinal cord

95
Q

dermatomes

A

an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

96
Q

what is the NMJ

A

where a motor neurone and muscle can connect and an AP is translated into a muscle contraction.

97
Q

action potential to muscle contraction

A

1) An action potential travels down a motor neurones bouton stimulating the release of ACh into a synaptic cleft, shared by sarcolemma (outer membrane containing myofibrils).
2) The sarcolemma is in turn stimulated by ACh.
3) This creates an action potential which travels along the sarcolemma, into T tubules.
4) Within these T tubules the action potential then stimulates RyR (voltage dependent channels)
5) The RyR channels send a signal through the terminal cisternae to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which surround the myofibrils.
6) With the use ATP the signal causes Ca2+ release from calsequestrins within the SR. The Ca2+ is released into the sarcomere.
7) Resulting in a muscle contraction.

98
Q

what occurs after powerstroke

A

calcium is pumped against conc gradient from cytosol back into the reticulum, with the help of Ca2+ ATPase. As conc of Ca2_ decreases troponin releases the calcium molecule. This causes tropomyosin to slide back intuit its original position- blocking the actin active sites. As the myosin heads uncouple from the actin molecule the muscle fibres relax to their original position with the help of elastic fibres found in the sarcomere and surrounding tissue

99
Q

power stroke process

A

calcium ions bids tot he troponin molecules forming a troponin cas2+ complex thats conformation change causes tropomyosin to shift- exposing myosin binding sites on the actin units.

Myosin heads bind to the actin site and through the energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP, perform the power stroke, pulling the actin filaments in to slide past eachother- resulting in the contraction of muscle

100
Q

somatic ns is part of the

A

peripheral nervous system

101
Q

Somatic ns is associated with

A

voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles

102
Q

somatic nervous system consists of

A

afferent and efferent nerves

103
Q

PNS is made up of somatic and

A

autonomic

104
Q

Afferent

A

sensory

105
Q

sensory neurones

A

responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the CCNS
-receptor picks up stimulus and from the environment and that stimulus is transformed into an electrical signal- single axon directly to the spinal cord

106
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor

107
Q

motor neurones

A

responsible for sending out direction from the CNS to the body. Dendrites and cell body of motor nerone originate in the spinal cord. Once the signal has been pick up by dendrites it sends it through the axon- through the PNS and to the axon terminal. Somatic neurone ends at effete muscle, where NT initiates muscle contraction

108
Q

why is regeneration restricted in somatic cells

A

damage t the spinal cord rarely heals as the injured nerve fails to regenerate. The regrowth of their long were fibres is hindered by scar tissues

109
Q

31 pairs of

A

spinal nerves (somatic)

110
Q

12 pairs of

A

cranial nerves (somatic)

Disease, diagnostics and therapeutics (53 decks)

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