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crim 103 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

definition of criminal behaviour

A

an intentional act or omission that is legally defined as a crime

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2
Q

process of defining crime as social and political in nature

A

social construction

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3
Q

crime is defined in a manner broadly agreed upon by society

A

consensus theory

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4
Q

crime is determined by socially powerful groups

A

conflict theory

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5
Q

type of violence committed to achieve a goal

A

instrumental violence

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6
Q

type of violence associated with presence of high emotional arousal

A

reactive violence

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7
Q

type of violence associated with victims who are strangers

A

instrumental violence

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8
Q

macro theory

A

explains things at a societal level

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9
Q

micro theory

A

explains things at an individual level

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10
Q

variations that exist between 2 or more persons

A

inter-individual differences

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11
Q

variations that exist within one person

A

intra-individual differences

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12
Q

why does the age-crime curve taper off during middle and old age

A

delinquency is often a passing phase during adolescence and early adulthood

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13
Q

limitation of descriptive research

A

provides no info about interrelationships of different variables

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14
Q

strength of classic experiment design

A

permits causal inferences

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15
Q

limitation of classic experiment design

A

extraneous factors which cannot be controlled might prevent us from making causal inferences

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16
Q

a research design that incorporates some features of a true experiment. can be used when random assignment is not possible

A

quasi-experiment

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17
Q

meta-analysis

A

combining results of many studies to generate statistical estimate of overall magnitude of findings

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18
Q

behavioural genetics

A

influence of genetics on expression of traits

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19
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

how natural selection shapes and influences mental processes and behaviour

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20
Q

polymorphism

A

a gene that exists in more than one form

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21
Q

allele

A

an alternative form of a gene that exists in more than one form

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22
Q

polygenic

A

a trait influenced by multiple genes

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23
Q

concordance rates of monozygotic twins who have committed crimes

A

80%

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24
Q

concordance rates of dizygotic twins who have committed crimes

A

60%

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25
Q

strength of twin studies

A

can show whether behavioural similarity is due to genetics or environment

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26
Q

strength of adoption studies

A

shows whether behaviour is influenced by biological or adopted parents

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27
Q

in the danish adoption study, what was the cause of the violence among 14 males over 4 generations?

A

a defect on the MAOA gene on the X chromosome which produces enzymes which breakdown neurotransmitters

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28
Q

What was grigorenko et al’s study?

A

examining 12 alleles of 4 genes among teens in prison and teens not in prison

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29
Q

what was the difference grigorenko et al found between the two groups they studied?

A

genetic differences re: dopamine function

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30
Q

what percent of individual variability does heredity represent?

A

40%

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31
Q

define diathesis

A

a genetic vulnerability or predisposition to develop a psychopathological condition

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32
Q

individuals exhibit gene-based differences in their sensitivity or reactivity to the environment

A

differential susceptibility model

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33
Q

healthy, caring, nurturing conditions which can lower risk of crime

A

protective factors

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34
Q

processes that raise or lower gene activity level without altering the genetic sequence

A

epigenetics

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35
Q

the set of conditions that existed during ancestral times and to which humans have adaptd

A

environment of evolutionary adaptiveness

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36
Q

acting in ways that increase your chances of surviving at the cost of someone else’s

A

selfishness

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37
Q

inclusive fitness

A

helping relatives see their genes pass on to more generations

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38
Q

reciprocal cooperation

A

providing a non-related individual a benefit on the basis that they will return the favour

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39
Q

cooperative behaviour was studied by whom? and what year

A

robert trivers, 1971

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40
Q

accepting a benefit without reciprocating

A

cheating behaviour

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41
Q

parenting effort

A

most reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring

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42
Q

mating effort

A

most reproductive effort invested in acquiring sexual partners

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43
Q

which of the alternative strategy theories promotes law breaking?

A

mating effort

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44
Q

a behavioural pattern that produces greater success when its use is rare

A

frequency-dependent strategy

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45
Q

relatively recent brain development

A

cerebral cortex

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46
Q

older brain structures

A

subcortex

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47
Q

general term for diseases that result in decreased mental funtioning

A

organic brain syndrome

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48
Q

violent offenders and sadistic sexual offenders have dysfunction in what area of the brain

A

frontal lobe

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49
Q

sex offenders have dysfunction in what area of the brain

A

temporal lobes

50
Q

who studied 17 imaging studies?

A

bufkin and luttrell

51
Q

bufkin and luttrell found that which cortex plays a role in aggressive behaviour?

A

prefrontal cortex

52
Q

what type of brain dysfunction contributes to aggressive behaviour?

A

subcortex temporal lobe including limbic system

53
Q

emotional lability and apathy can be caused by damage to what area of the brain?

A

frontal lobes

54
Q

issues with behavioural production and management can be caused by damage to what area of the brain?

A

frontal lobes

55
Q

where are the executive control functions located

A

prefrontal cortex

56
Q

which part of phineas gage’s brain did the tamping iron go through?

A

prefrontal cortex

57
Q

what did raine et al find in 1994 about murderers

A

murderers have low prefrontal cortex activity

58
Q

disinhibition syndrome

A

inability to exercise mental control over emotional responses

59
Q

a pattern of recurrent outbursts of uncontrollable rage

A

intermittent explosive disorder

60
Q

what part of the brain is implicated in intermittent explosive disorder?

A

temporal lobes

61
Q

weschler intelligence scale for children

A

measures performance intelligence and verbal intelligence

62
Q

early onset and persistent antisocial behaviour is associated with poor ___ skills

A

verbal

63
Q

raine (1993) suggested reduced lateralization may result in problems with:

A

verbal comprehension and communication skills

64
Q

aggression is associated with high levels of what 2 neurotransmitters?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine

65
Q

low levels of serotonin risk what kind of behaviour?

A

impulsitivy

66
Q

what 3 factors are in the behavioural activation system?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, limbic system

67
Q

what 3 factors are in the behavioural inhibition system?

A

serotonin, frontal lobe, prefrontal cortex

68
Q

challenge hypothesis

A

male testosterone levels will rise in situations that challenge reproductive success or mating

69
Q

social dominance

A

social behaviours designed to achieve higher ranking in social/peer groups

70
Q

high levels of cortisol may lead to what 2 things?

A

increased behavioural responses to minor provocation

and lower threshold for tolerating frustration

71
Q

psychophysiology

A

the study of the relationship between underlying physical and chemical functions of organisms and their psychological states

72
Q

who studied avoidance learning in 1957?

A

david lykken

73
Q

avoidance learning

A

individuals learn to initiate or inhibit certain behaviours in response to aversive stimuli (fear conditioning)

74
Q

explain the findings of a longitudinal study of skin conductance

A

a low response to fear conditioning at age 3 was related to crime later in life

75
Q

heart rate and psychopathy

A

psychopaths with a lower resting HR seek stimulation to raise it

76
Q

3 major developmental theories of delinquency

A

patterson’s coercion, moffit’s developmental taxonomy, age-graded theory of informal social control

77
Q

patterson’s coercion theory suggests that early onset criminal behaviour develops out of

A

innefective child-parent interactions

78
Q

early developmental and socio-economic difficulties create problems over the lifetime

A

cumulative disadvantage

79
Q

moffitt’s developmental taxonomy theory is characterized by what 2 pathways?

A

life-course persistent pathway

adolescent-limited pathway

80
Q

which of moffitts pathways is related to social mimicry?

A

adolescent-limited pathway

81
Q

who developed the age-graded theory?

A

robert sampson and john laub

82
Q

what does the age-graded theory suggest

A

individuals desist from crime when they are subject to informal social controls

83
Q

life events that reintroduce the importance of informal social control over a person’s life

A

structural turning points

84
Q

3 externalizing behaviour disorders

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder

85
Q

authoritarian parenting outcomes in children (5)

A

increased aggression, conduct disorder, delinquency. lower happiness and self-esteem

86
Q

authoritative parenting outcomes in children (4)

A

self-control, happy, capable, lower levels of delinquency

87
Q

permissive parenting outcomes in children (2)

A

poor self-regulation, poor school performance

88
Q

a process involving several interrelated behaviours including parent’s awareness and knowledge of their children’s activities and limit-setting on children’s behaviour

A

parental monitoring

89
Q

homophily

A

socializing with like-minded peers

90
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

personality is the product of a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental structures

91
Q

trait perspective

A

personality is the combination of various stable dispositional qualities that a person exhibits

92
Q

“normal” antisocial offender

A

a fully functioning adult with no maladaptive features but superego formation has been influenced by a criminal parent

93
Q

neurotic offender

A

has an overactive superego resulting in criminal behaviour due to maladaptive adjustment patterns

94
Q

life drive (eros)

A

drive to satisfy hunger, thirst, love, sex

95
Q

death drive (thanatos)

A

tendency towards self-destruction

96
Q

what is a catharsis (relating to hydraulic model of aggression)

A

an explosion of aggression that results if it is not channelled or released

97
Q

attachment theory originated with who in what year?

A

john bowlby, 1969

98
Q

attachment theory

A

early relationships formed with caregivers influence our capacity to form relationships as adults

99
Q

what 3 patterns of attachment in toddlers did ainsworth (1979) find?

A

secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant

100
Q

what pattern of attachment in toddlers did main and soloman find in 1986?

A

insecure-disorganized

101
Q

what adult attachment style does the toddler avoidant attachment style produce?

A

dismissing adult attachment

102
Q

what adult attachment style does the toddler ambivalent attachment style produce?

A

preoccupied adult attachment

103
Q

what adult attachment style does the toddler disorganized attachment style produce?

A

disorganized/fearful adult attachment

104
Q

positive view of self and of others

A

secure adult attachment style

105
Q

positive view of self and negative view of others

A

dismissing adult attachment style

106
Q

negative view of self and positive view of others

A

preoccupied adult attachment style

107
Q

wants to be around people but at the same time avoids getting too emotionally close for fear of rejection

A

disorganized/fearful adult attachment style

108
Q

dominant personality traits, characteristic of individual

A

cardinal traits

109
Q

general characteristics that form basic foundation of personality but not dominant

A

central traits

110
Q

traits that relate to specific attitudes or preferences

A

secondary traits

111
Q

5 factor model of personality includes:

A

Openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism

112
Q

eyesenck’s three basic personality dimensions

A

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

113
Q

psychoticism is characterized by

A

aggression, tough-mindedess, egotism, non-conforming, coldness

114
Q

what did gottfredson and hirschi argue in 1990?

A

offending is a consequence of an inability to exercise self-control

115
Q

individuals who have low self control: (3)

A

are impulsive, have low levels of emotional tolerance, and engage in stimulation-seeking behaviours

116
Q

an enduring pattern of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affects how one functions

A

personality disorder

117
Q

a personality disorder is diagnosed by disturbances in at least two of the following areas: (4)

A

cognitions and perceptions of self/others
emotions
interpersonal functioning
impulse control

118
Q

lykken’s fearlessness model

A

psychopaths don’t fear consequences

119
Q

hare’s hypoemotionality model

A

psychopaths don’t have feelings for others and don’e experience distress over causing harm

120
Q

newman’s response modulation model

A

psychopaths have an impaired ability to monitor and adjust their behaviour, leading them to overlook or disregard factors that would stop most people

121
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

the tendency to interpret other’s neutral conduct as aggressive

122
Q

threatened egotism model

A

individuals with an inflated sense of self may defend against negative feedback with aggression

crim 103 (5 decks)

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