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USMLE STEP 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

most common ectopic thyroid tissue site

A

tongue

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2
Q

where does thyroid diverticulum arise from?

A

floor of primitive pharynx

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3
Q

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

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4
Q

branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck

A

persistent cervical sinus

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5
Q

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children

A

neuroblastoma

doesn’t cause episodic hypertension unlike pheochromocytoma

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6
Q

medullary chromafin cells

A

activated by ACh

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7
Q

what is anterior pituitary derived from?

A

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

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8
Q

acidophils

A

GH, prolactin

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9
Q

basophils

A

B-FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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10
Q

what do islets of langerhans arise from

A

pancreatic buds

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11
Q

watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, acholorhydia

A

VIPoma

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12
Q

hCG

A

structural similarity to TSH

in very high concentrations (some testicular tumors) can stimulate TSH receptors

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13
Q

insulin secretion

A

ATP closes K channels and depolarizes beta cell–>Ca influx stimulates insulin secretion

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14
Q

does insulin cross placenta?

A

no

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15
Q

GLUT 1

A

insulin-independent

RBCs, brain

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16
Q

GLUT 2

A

bidirectional

beta cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

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17
Q

GLUT 4

A

insulin-dependent

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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18
Q

insulin effects

A

increased Na retention

leads to activation of protein phosphatase

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19
Q

glucokinase inactivating mutation

A

mild hyperglycemia that can be exacerbated by pregnancy

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20
Q

somatomedin C

A

insulin-like growth factor

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21
Q

beta 2 agonists on insulin

A

increase

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22
Q

somatostatin, alpha 2 agonists on insulin

A

decrease

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23
Q

insulin resistance

A

abberant serine and threonine residue phosphorylation by serine kinase
in presence of TNF alpha, glucocorticoids, glucagon

24
Q

glucagon receptors

A

G protein-coupled, membrane bound

25
Q

CRH

A

ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, beta endorphin

26
Q

protein kinase A

A

TSH, glucagon, PTH, beta receptors

27
Q

cGMP

A

sperm metabolism, platelet activation, cell division

28
Q

JAK-STAT

A

GH, erythropoietin, cytokines (interferon)

29
Q

TRH on prolactin

A

increases secretion

30
Q

cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

31
Q

cGMP

A

ANP, NO

32
Q

IP3

A

GGOAT

GnRH, GHRH, oxytocin, ADH, TRH, histamine, angiotensin 2, gastrin

33
Q

intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

growth factors

MAP kinase

34
Q

receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

A

JAK/STAT
PIG
prolactin, immunomodulators, GH

35
Q

Wolff-CHaikoff effect

A

excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase–>decreased T3/T4

36
Q

methimazole

A

inhibits peroxidase

37
Q

propylthiouracil

A

inhibits peroxidase and 5-deiodinase

38
Q

immune suppression due to Cushing’s

A

inhibits phospholipase A2, IL-2, histamine release from mast cells

39
Q

hyperaldosteronism treatment

A

spironolactone

40
Q

metyrapone testing

A

indicated when there is a suspicion of itnerruption of HPA axis
blocks cortisol synthesis by inhibiting 11 beta hydroxylase–> increased ACTH–>increased 11-deoxycortisol–>increased 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in urine

41
Q

alpha methyltyrosine

A

inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase

used only for pheo

42
Q

pheo is associated with

A

NF 1, MEN 2A, 2B, VHL

43
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

thyroid peroxidase, antithyroglobulin Ab
HLA-DR5
increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lympoma
Hurthle cells

44
Q

Ridel’s thyroiditis

A

thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue

manifestation of IgG4-related systemic disease

45
Q

pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

defect in Gs protein
autosomal-dominant kidney unresponsiveness to PTH
hypocalcemia, shortened 4/5th digits, short stature

46
Q

prolactinoma treatment

A

bromocriptine, cabergoline

47
Q

failure to suppress GH following glucose tolerance test

A

acromegaly

48
Q

acromegaly treatment

A

somatostatin

octreotide (somatostatin analog)

49
Q

histiocytosis X

A

can cause diabetes insipidus

50
Q

nephrogenic DI causes

A

hypercalcemia, lithium, demeclocycline

51
Q

central DI treatment

A

intranasal desmopressin

52
Q

nephrogenic DI treatment

A

hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride

53
Q

drug causing SIADH

A

cyclophosphamide

54
Q

SIADH treatment

A

vaptans, demeclocycline

55
Q

type 1 DM HSR

A

type IV

56
Q

type 1 DM HLA

A

DR3 and DR4

57
Q

hyperglycemia and ADH

A

hyperglycemia can cause resistance to ADH

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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