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USMLE STEP 1 > vitamins > Flashcards

vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

retinol

A

vitamin A

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2
Q

deficiency leads to night blindness, dry skin, keratomalasia, possible deficiency in immune system

A

retinol

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3
Q

necessary for maintenance of specialized epithelum, prevents squamous metaplasia

A

retinol

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4
Q

used to treat measles and AML (subtype 3)

A

retinol

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5
Q

overuse can result in intracranial hypertension, skin changes, and hepatosplenomegaly

A

retinol

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6
Q

is retinol teratogenic?

A

yes

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7
Q

excess leads to arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, sore throat, alopecia

A

retinol

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8
Q

thiamine

A

B1 (cofactor as TPP in decarboxylation reactions)

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9
Q

what is thiamine a cofactor for?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase

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10
Q

deficiency leads to impaired glucose breakdown which is worsened by glucose infusion

A

thiamine

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11
Q

confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, confabulation. Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff. Thiamine deficiency

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12
Q

polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

A

dry beriberi. Thiamine deficiency

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13
Q

high-outtput cardiac failure, edema

A

wet beriberi. Thiamine deficiency

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14
Q

riboflavin

A

B2

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15
Q

cofactor in oxidation/reduction (FAD, FMN); coenzyme for succinate dehydrogenase

A

riboflavin

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16
Q

cheilosis, corneal vascularization

A

riboflavin deficiency

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17
Q

supplemented in neonates receiving phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice

A

riboflavin

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18
Q

diagnosed by performance of erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay or decreased urinary excretion

A

riboflavin deficiency

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19
Q

niacin

A

B3

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20
Q

constituent of NAD+, NADP+

A

niacin

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21
Q

which vitamin is derived from tryptophan?

A

niacin

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22
Q

synthesis requires vitamins B6 and B2

A

niacin

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23
Q

pellagra: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

A

niacin deficiency

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24
Q

diseases that can lead to pellagra

A

Hartnup (decreased tryptophan absorption), malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism), INH (decreased B6)

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25
Q

excess leads to facial flushing

A

niacin

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26
Q

pantothenate

A

B5

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27
Q

component of CoA and fatty acid synthase

A

B5

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28
Q

dermititis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, burning feet syndrome, GI distress

A

B5 deficiency

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29
Q

pyridoxine

A

B6

30
Q

cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase

A

pyridoxine

31
Q

required for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, NTs (serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GABA)

A

pyridoxine

32
Q

convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, aideroblastic anemia

A

pyridoxine deficiency

33
Q

deficiency can be induced by INH and oral contraceptives

A

pyridoxine

34
Q

biotin

A

B7

35
Q

cofactor for puryvate carboxylase

A

B7; pyruvate–>oxaloacetate

36
Q

cofactor for acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

B7; acetyl-CoA–>malonyl-CoA

37
Q

cofactor for propinyl-CoA carboxylase

A

B7; propionyl-CoA–>methylmalonyl-CoA

38
Q

deficiency can be caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw eggs

A

biotin

39
Q

folic acid

A

B9

40
Q

converted to THF, important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases

A

folic acid

41
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in the US that leads to megaloblastic anemia

A

folic acid

42
Q

deficiency can be caused by phenytoin, sulfonamides, MTX

A

folic acid

43
Q

cobalamin

A

B12

44
Q

cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

A

cobalmin

45
Q

megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, paresthesias, subacute combined degeneration, lemon-colored skin, homocystinemia

A

cobalmin deficiency

46
Q

deficiency can be caused by sprue, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum, lack of intrinsic factor, absence of terminal ileum

A

cobalmin

47
Q

mentally slow woman of Northern European descent, who is lemon-colored, has a smooth shiny tongue and demonstrates broad-based shuffling gait

A

cobalmin deficiency

48
Q

what test is used to detect cobalmine deficiency?

A

Schilling

49
Q

parenternal administration is needed for most deficienct patients

A

cobalmin

50
Q

SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine) formation

A

ATP + methionine

51
Q

SAM function

A

transfers methyl units

52
Q

what is required for regeneration of methionine?

A

folate and cobalamine

53
Q

required for conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

A

SAM

54
Q

can result if falsely elevated HbA1C levels

A

cobalamine/folate deficiency (cause low red cell turnover)

55
Q

ascorbic acid

A

vitamin C

56
Q

facilitates iron absorption by keeping it reduced, necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, necessary for dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to NE

A

ascorbic acid

57
Q

swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, weakened immune responce

A

Scurvy (ascorbic acid deficiency)

58
Q

perifollicular hemorrhages, purpura, splinter hemorrgahes, can give false negative stool guaiac results

A

ascorbic acid deficiency

59
Q

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, sleep problems, increased risk of iron toxicity in those with transfusions, hemochromatosis

A

ascorbic acid excess

60
Q

stored in adipose tissue, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increases bone mineralization

A

vitamin D

61
Q

bone pain and deformity in children, bone pain and muscle weakness in adults

A

rickets, osteomalacia–>vitamin D deficiency

62
Q

hypocalcemic tetany

A

vitamin D deficiency

63
Q

is breast milk vitamin D content sufficient?

A

No

64
Q

hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor. Seen in sarcoidosis (activation of vitamin D by epitheliod macrophages)

A

vitamin D excess

65
Q

tocopherol

A

vitamin E

66
Q

protects erythrocytes and membranes from free-radical damage

A

tocopherol

67
Q

increased fragility of erythrocytes (hemolytic anemia), muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

A

tocopherol deficiency

68
Q

catalyzes gamma-carboxylationof glutamic acid, synthesized by intestinal flora

A

vitamin K

69
Q

neonatal hemorrhage (increased PT and PTT, butnormal bleeding time)

A

vitamine K deficiency (Can occur after prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics)

70
Q

vitamin K antigonist

A

warfarin

71
Q

what factor is vitamin K necessary for

A

II, VII, IX, X, C, S

72
Q

delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia

A

zinc deficiency

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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