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Anatomy Exam 2 > Joints of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

How are joints classified?

A

by the type of tissue between the bones

-fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

united by fibrous connective tissue, degree of mobility varies (ex. superior tibial fibular joint)

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3
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

a joint united by hyaline cartilage (1st sternocostal joint) or fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)

degree of mobility is limited

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4
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

joint is united by a complex joint capsule, most common type of joint in human body, highly mobile

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5
Q

Name the components of all synovial joints

A

synovial cartilage

joint capsule

joint cavity

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6
Q

What is synovial cartilage?

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each bone in the joint, coats each articulating surface (no bone to bone contact, reduces friction

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7
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

surrounds articulating bones and consists of 2 layers
-fibrous later: SF layer, tough/fibrous, protects joint contents

-synovium: inner layer facing joint cavity; secretes synovial fluid, articular nutrition

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8
Q

What is a joint cavity?

A

the potential space defined by a joint capsule, filled with small amount of synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition

avascular

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9
Q

Name the variable structures of a synovial joint

A

bursae

tendon sheaths

fibrocartilage structures

ligaments

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10
Q

Bursae

A

may communicate with a joint capsule

facilitates movement of structures that cross a joint

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11
Q

tendon sheaths

A

specialized bursa that wrap around tendons crossing the wrists and ankles to facilitate tendon movement

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12
Q

Articular disc? What are its functions?

A

fibrocartilage pad between bones in a joint

Functions: shock absorption, increase contact area between bones, distributing synovial fluid

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13
Q

Meniscus

A

C shaped disks between bones in a joint, similar to articular discs.

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14
Q

Labrum

A

fibrocartilage rim, increases contact between articulating bones, maintains flexibility ex. acetabular labrum

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15
Q

What is a ligament? How are they classified?

A

bands of connective tissue crossing a joint

based on their relationship to the joint capsule

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16
Q

extracapsular ligament

A

ligament outside the joint capsule

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17
Q

capsular ligament

A

thickening of the joint capsule

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18
Q

intracapsular ligament

A

ligament inside the joint capsule

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19
Q

What kind of joint is the sacroiliac joint (SI joint)?

A

compound joint; partly fibrous, partly synovial, becomes more fibrous with age

strengthen by ligaments
-intrinsic: anterior sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacroiliac ligament

-extrinsic: sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament

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20
Q

What kind of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket synovial joint, strengthen by a cuff of capsular ligaments

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21
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip joint? What do they do?

A

iliofemoral and ischiofemoral become tight in extension to prevent hyperextension

pubofemoral ligament: becomes tight in abduction to prevent hyper abduction

22
Q

What is the fovea capitis?

A

small depression on the ball shaped surface of the femur, point of attachment for the round ligament

23
Q

Round ligament

A

attached to the fovea capitis of the femur, weakly holds the femoral head against the acetabulum

24
Q

What arteries supply blood to the hip?

A

lateral circumflex femoral a.

medial circumflex femoral a. (primary supply to femoral head and neck)

acetabular branch of the obturator a.

25
Q

What can result due to a “hip fracture”

A

fracture of the femoral neck

can disrupt the blood supply to the femoral head/neck (medial circumflex branches)

if acetabular branch is insufficient can result in avascular necrosis of the head and neck

26
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Patellofemoral joint

hinge synovial joint, located between patella and femur, patella slides back in forth in patellar groove

27
Q

What movements can occur at the knee joint?

A

flexion, extension

28
Q

What movements can occur at the hip joint?

A

flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
lateral/medial rotation

29
Q

What do the medial and lateral menisci of the knee do?

A

improve the contact between femur and tibia, making the joint more stable, shock absorption

30
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee? What are there functions?

A

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) : extracapsular ligament, prevents lateral bowing of knee

medial collateral ligament (MCL): capsular ligament, attached to the medial meniscus, prevents medial bowing of knee

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): origin on anterior tibia, inserts posteriorly on femur, prevents hyperextension

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): origin on posterior tibia, inserts on anterior femur, prevents hyperflexion

31
Q

Describe the “unhappy triad” injury

A

lateral force applied to knee with foot planted and knee extended- can produce hyperextension and medial bowing tearing the ACL, MCL and medial meniscus

32
Q

What is the main stabilizer of the knee when flexed and weight bearing?

A

the posterior cruciate ligament

33
Q

What are the 2 tibiofibular joints?

A

superior tibiofibular joint (proximal): synovial

inferior tibiofibular joint (distal): fibrous

allow for little movement as possible

34
Q

What kind of joint is the talocrural joint? Where is it located?

A

hinge synovial joint

located between distal tibia and lateral malleolus of distal fibula proximally and the talus

35
Q

What kind of movement occurs at the talocrural joint?

A

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

36
Q

What kind of joint is the subtalar joint? Where is it located?

A

synovial joint

located between the talus and the calcaneus

37
Q

What kind of movement occurs at the subtalar joint?

A

inversion and eversion

38
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the talocrural and subtalar joints?

A

medial collateral (deltoid) ligament

lateral collateral ligament

39
Q

What makes up the medial collateral (deltoid ligament)? What does it do?

A

tibionavicular ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar

prevents hypereversion

40
Q

What makes up the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle? What does it do?

A

anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular

prevents hyperinversion

41
Q

Arches of the foot

A

located between weight bearing points

act as shock absorbers and assist in propelling the body forward

42
Q

What makes up the medial longitudinal arch?

A

the calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and 1-3 MTs

talus forms keystone of arch

43
Q

What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

calcaneus, cuboid, and 4-5 MTs

rests on the ground while standing

44
Q

What makes up the transverse arch?

A

the 3 cuneiform, cuboid and bases of all MTs

45
Q

What maintains the arches of the foot?

A

configuration of the bones, plantar aponeurosis, muscles/tendons (tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorium longus, intrinsic muscles of foot)

ligaments

46
Q

What are the ligaments that help maintain the arches of the foot?

A

long plantar ligament

short plantar ligament

spring ligament

47
Q

Where is the long plantar ligament located?

A

attaches to calcaneus, cuboid and bases of metatarsals

48
Q

Where is the short plantar ligament located?

A

attaches to calcaneus and cuboid

49
Q

Where is the spring ligament located?

A

attaches to calcaneus and navicular, supports the talus

50
Q

What kind of joints are the MTP joints? What kind of movement occurs at these joints?

A

synovial joints

flexion/extension, adduction/abduction

51
Q

What ligaments strengthen the MTP joints?

A

collateral ligaments, plantar ligaments, deep transverse metatarsal ligaments (between adjacent metatarsals)

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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