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MD2001 > Introduction to Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of systematic anatomy ?

A

Allows the integration of anatomy with microbiology, physiology, pathology, pharmacology

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2
Q

What is the importance of regional anatomy ?

A

Understanding it is essential to understand the effect the effects of widespread disease (like cancer) and cancer

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3
Q

How is surface/Living anatomy performed ?

A

Through observation and palpation

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4
Q

What is the importance of cross-sectional anatomy ?

A

Knowledge of this essential to understand modern imagining techniques

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5
Q

What is the other name for microscopic anatomy ?

A

Histology

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6
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands existing and what are the differences between them ?

A

Merocrine (acidic secretions)

Apocrine (basic secretions, becomes active with puberty and promotes bacterial growth hence the smell)

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7
Q

What are Langer Lines and what is their significance ?

A

Tension/cleavage lines importance in surgery: if incision parallel to those lines will results in less gaping less scar tissue and faster healing.

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8
Q

How do Langer lines tend to spiral in the limbs ? In the thorax and abdomen ?

A

Longitudinally in the limbs, horizontally in thorax and abdomen

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9
Q

Which lobe of the brain ins used for vision ?

A

Occipital lobe

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10
Q

What is a neuron ?

A

Excitable nerve cells transmitting information as electrical signals (=Action Potentials)

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11
Q

What is a neuroglia ?

A

Specialised tissue supporting and insulating the neurons

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the neuron ?

A

Soma (cell body) and neurite (axon or dendrite)

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13
Q

What is an axon?

A

Single, long, covered with myelin or shwann sheath

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14
Q

What is a dendrite ?

A

Mutliple, thin, short extensions

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15
Q

What are the three different types of neurons and their function ?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) - Convey info from peripheral tissues and organs to CNS, or from one part of the CNS to another
  • Motor (efferent)- Transmit signal from CNS to effector cells
  • Interneurons- “any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entirely within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.”
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16
Q

What is a receptor ?

A

A structure able to produce electrical signal upon receiving appropriate stimuli

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17
Q

What are visceroceptors?

A

Receptors found in blood vessels, glands and organs. Their stimuli result in “poorly localized and ill-defined” pain as a result of contraction and stretch, thirst, hunger, nausea etc. Also sensitive to biochemical changes in blood.

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18
Q

What are proprioreceptors ?

A

Receptors present in muscle, tendon, ligaments, joint capsule and inner ear. Provide information about joint angle, muscle length, muscle tension (we integrate it to give about about position of limb in space). Have a function in balance.

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19
Q

What are mechanoreceptors ?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to touch, pressure, vibration, sound, proprioreception, balance.

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20
Q

What are thermoreceptors ?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to temperature

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21
Q

What are photoreceptors ?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to light

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22
Q

What are nocireceptors ?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to tissue injury. Their stimulus results in pain.

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23
Q

What are chemoreceptors ?

A

Receptors which are sensitive to chemical changes (smell, taste, blood glucose concentration)

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24
Q

What are examples of general senses ?

A

Vibration, pressure, pain, touch, temperature, 2 point discrimination, proprioreceptive, visceral pain, hunger, nausea

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25
Q

What are examples of specific senses ?

A

Vision, hearing, smell, taste, balance

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26
Q

What is a Ganglion ?

A

Group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system

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27
Q

Somatomotor

A

Nerve supplying striated muscle

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28
Q

Visceromotor

A

Nerve supplying viscera

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29
Q

Secretomotor

A

Nerve supplying glands

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30
Q

What are the two kinds of ganglion and what is the difference between them?

A 
Autonomic Ganglions (their neurons have dendrites)
Sensory Ganglions (unipolar, only have an axon)
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31
Q

Given an example of divergence in the nervous system

A

There are more post-ganglionic then pre-ganglionic fibres

32
Q

What are the two types of ganglionic fibers what is the structural and functional difference between them ?

A

Pre-ganglionic fibres are myelinated axons from brain stem or spinal chord
Post-ganglionic fibres are unmyelinated axons supplying smooth muscle and glands

33
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the NS ?

A

CNS (encephalon and spinal chord) and PNS (cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia)

34
Q

What are other features of the CNS ?

A

Covered with meninges and suspended in CSF

35
Q

What are the components of the encephalon ?

A

Brain stem (medulla/bulbus + pons + mesencephalon/midbrain) + cerebrum (telencephalon + diencephalon) + cerebellum

36
Q

What are the physiological divisions of the NS ?

A

Somatic NS

Autonomic NS

37
Q

What is the function of the Somatic NS ?

A

Innervates skeletal muscles, skin, oral and nasal cavities

38
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic NS ?

A

Controls functions of smooth muscles, glands, internal organs and blood vessels.
Relays info from these to CNS

39
Q

What are the two parts of the Autonomic NS ?

A

Sympathetic (Flight or flight)

Parasympathetic (Rest and digest)

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the nerves of the Sympathetic NS ?

A

At columna intermediolateralis T1-L2 medulla spinalis segments

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the fight or flight response ?

A

Rapid onset, wide-spread and lasting response

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the nerves of the Parasympathetic NS ?

A

At brain stem or S2-4 medulla spinalis segments

43
Q

What is dual innervation ?

A

Innervation by both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS. Have opposite effects on the same organ. Many organs have it (but certain blood vessels supplied by Parasympathetic ONLY like erector pili)

44
Q

What is the median plane (=midsagittal plane ?)

A

Divides body into left and right

45
Q

What is the sagittal plane ?

A

Paramedian plane, parallel to median plane

46
Q

What is the coronal plane ?

A

AKA frontal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior

47
Q

What is the transverse plane ?

A

AKA horizontal or axial, divides body into superior and inferior

48
Q

What is the Frankfurt plane ?

A

Auriculo-orbital plane, plane passing through inferior margin of the orbit and upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus.

49
Q

What does proximal mean ?

A

Closer to the point of attachment or reobservation

50
Q

What does distal mean ?

A

Away from the point of attachment or observation

51
Q

What does ipsilateral mean ?

A

Appearing on same side of body

52
Q

What does Contralateral mean?

A

Appearing on opposite side of body

53
Q

What does Unilateral mean ?

A

Affecting one side of the body

54
Q

Bilateral

A

Affecting both side of the body

55
Q

Cephalon

A

Head

56
Q

Cervix-collum

A

Neck

57
Q

Troncus-Corpus

A

Body

58
Q

Costa

A

Ribs

59
Q

Brachium

A

Arm

60
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm

61
Q

Ulnar

A

Medial side of the forearm

62
Q

Tibial

A

Medial side of the leg

63
Q

Radial

A

Lateral side of the forearm

64
Q

Fibular

A

Lateral side of the leg

65
Q

Flexion

A

Folds joint

66
Q

Extension

A

Straightens a join

67
Q

Abduction

A

Away from medial plane

68
Q

Adduction

A

Towards the medial plane

69
Q

Ulnar deviation

A

Adduction at the wrist

70
Q

Radial deviation

A

Abduction at the wrist

71
Q

Rotation

A

Part of body rotates around its own longitudinal axis

72
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of palm of hand posteriorly

73
Q

Suspination

A

Palm of the hand anteriorly

74
Q

Inversion

A

Turns foot inwards

75
Q

Eversion

A

Turns food outwards

MD2001 (35 decks)

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