Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2001 > Blood Cells- Functions of Leukocytes > Flashcards

Blood Cells- Functions of Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Where are RBCs produced ?

A

In heamatopoietic tissue of bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What blood disorders exist ? Which other disorders cause changes in the blood ?

A
  • Leukaemia and anaemia

- Iron deficiency anaemia and malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of blood ?

A

Erythrocytes, leucocytes, plasma, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the buffy coat ?

A

Layer made of leukocytes and platelets after blood centrifugation (middle layer, with erythrocytes below and plasma above)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are immature erythrocytes called ? For how long ?

A

Reticulocytes. For 24-48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the percentage of reticulocytes as part of RBCs?

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How come we can stain reticulocytes ?

A

Because they retain small amounts of RNA which can be stained using cresyl violet or methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the clinical significance of reticulocytes ?

A

Their lifespan is very short so their number gives information on activity of bone marrow (a high number indicates high erythrocyte production in the bone marrow, possible due to haemorrhage or anaemia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is given vitamin B12 treatment ?

A

Reticulocytes increase at first showing increase erythrocyte production, then they decrease as they mature into erythrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the important units when comparing reticulocyte and RBS number ?

A

Percentage of retics as part of erythrocytes, haemoglobin “normal value” concentration and RBC concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What values does a haematology report give you ?

A

Count of RBCs, WBCs (neutrophils, leucocytes etc;), platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different types of leucocytes ?

A

Granulocytes (Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the differential cell count ?

A

Proportion of different leucocytes in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which leucocyte groups are part of the innate immune system ? adaptive immune system ?

A

Innate immune system: granulocytes

Adaptive immune system: Lymphocyte and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the appearance of neutrophils ?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the appearance of eosinophils ?

A

Orangy granules (primary and secondary), nucleus not as fragmented as neutrophil.

17
Q

What is the appearance of basophils ?

A

Very dark granules taking up almost the entire cell.

18
Q

What is the appearance of monocytes ?

A 
Slightly larger than the other
Larger nucleus (horseshoe shaped)
19
Q

What is the appearance of small lymphocytes ?

A

Small, mainly nucleus with a thin cytoplasm around.

20
Q

What is a cecile nodule ?

A

Inactivated x chromosome wrapped in chromatin

21
Q

What is the function of eosinophils ?

A
  • Fighting parasites in blood/gut
  • Producing basic proteins which can destroy larvae
  • Increased number in asthma
22
Q

What is the function of basophils ?

A

Containing heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (important in allergic reactions)

23
Q

What happens in chemotaxis ?

A

In this cause, neutrophils moving in response to chemical stimulus (as a result of chemicals from pathogens binding onto neutrophil receptors)

In the meantime, other leucocytes (that’s also how neutrophils get to site of inflammation in first place) push their way through gaps in the endothelium to get to site of infection

24
Q

Give an example of an infection which is much more fatal if enter the blood.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae 5% (not in the blood) to 20% mortality if enters the blood.

25
Q

How do basophils respond to allergies ? How does this relate to asthma?

A

Cells coated with IgE antibodies sitting on mucosal surfaces or on basophils in the blood.
If meet allergen, allergen binds to IgE and triggers process of degranulation, hence release of histamine and vasoactive amine.
These chemicals (released notably in asthma) do however damage the mucosa especially in the lungs (which may progress into chronic inflammatory response, preventing the lungs from working properly).

26
Q

What are ECF-A and SRS-A ?

A

Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (“primary mediator of Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity released by mast cells in anaphylactic reaction.”)
Slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis (“an inflammatory agent released by mast cells in the anaphylactic reaction. It induces slow, prolonged contraction of certain smooth muscles and is an important mediator of allergic bronchial asthma.)

27
Q

What is the role of monocytes ?

A

Involved in phagocytosis.

28
Q

Which leukocytes form the specific adaptive immunse reponse ? How so ?

A

Lymphocytes. They have memory.

29
Q

What are lymphocytes called if they are not activated ?

A

Naive circulating lymphocyte.

30
Q

How are lymphocytes stimulated ? What happens then ?

A

Through exposure with mitogen (e.g; phytohaemagglutinin) or foreign agent. Transforms to lymphoblasts (still naive, bigger than macrophage) and proliferates

31
Q

What are some of the functions of activated lymphocytes ?

A

Producing antibodies and cytokines

32
Q

In microscopy, what is a sign that lymphocyte has been activated ?

A

Chromosomes start to form and begin to separate for mitosis (since naive lymphocytes do not divide)

33
Q

What happens if blood from 2 individuals mixed ?

A

Transplantation antigens recognise each other and activate immune response. Lymphoblasts form.

34
Q

What are transplantation antigens ? How does this relate to organ transplant ?

A

Molecules covering the lymphocytes which allows the immune system to develop high specific response against pathogens (for instance against new kinds of influenza different from ones encountered so far).
They are the reason antigen transplants are difficult and may cause graft vs host disease (GVHD), cells attacking each other and cause rejection of transplanted tissue.

35
Q

Which cells form when lymphocytes are activated ? Which reponse does each of these provide ?

A

Plasma cells (B cells) which provide humoural response (get activated and release antibodies)

Cytotoxic Killer cells (T cells) provide cell mediate response (kill virus infected cells and lead to graft rejection)

Natural Killer cells (NK cells) belong to the innate immune system. Produce cytokines.

MD2001 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions