.5 Objectives

Question 1

What are coupled reactions?

Answer 1

When an energy-favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule (like an activated carrier)
These reactions require an enzyme

Question 2

What are enzymes

Answer 2

1) catalyze(encourage) a specific chemical reaction

Question 3

Define phosphorylation

Answer 3

Phosphate added to ADP

ADP + Pi = ATP

Question 4

What makes an reaction favorable or unfavorable

Answer 4

Unfavorable - energy needs to be added

Favorable - energy doesn’t need to be added

Question 5

Phosphorylation is a what reaction

Answer 5

Unfavorable

Question 6

What are three examples of where ATP is used as an energy source in biological systems

Answer 6

1) stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
2) supplies energy to transporters(active transport)
3) unfavorable phosphorylation reaction

Question 7

What are the two sources that are electron carriers

Answer 7

NADH & NADPH

Question 8

How do NADH and NADPH obtain their 1- charge

Answer 8

They carry electrons as 2 High-energy electrons & a proton
Which forms a hydride ion (H-)

Question 9

Identify the products of oxidation of NADH and NADPH

Answer 9

When they pass their energy (as H- ion) to a donor molecule they become NAD+ & NADP+

Question 10

What are the differences of NADH & NADPH

Answer 10

They differ by 1 phosphate group far away from the electron transfer location
This phosphate causes different shape which each shape allows for binding to different set up enzymes
They target different molecules with the shape ^

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

1) Unfavorable phosphorylation reaction
2) Stored energy is released when terminal phosphate is transferred to another molecule
3) supplies energy to transporters
4) send nerve signals down axon(sodium/potassium transporters)

Question 12

What is the role of NADPH

Answer 12

BADPH is used in the anabolic pathway —synthesize High energy biological molecules

Question 13

What is the role of NADH

Answer 13

Is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food

Question 14

For the roles of NADPH and NADH,

Answer 14

Concentrations are regulated independently to adjust for electron needs

*higher NAD+ and NADPH+ for oxidation and reduction

Question 15

Monomers are

Answer 15

Bounded together during enzyme-catalyzed condensation reactions(releases H2O)
Energetically unfavorable
This is called anabolism of monomers

Question 16

Polymers are

Answer 16

Macromolecules

Built from repeating units of monomers

Question 17

The breakdown of polymers is

Answer 17

An enzyme catalyze hydrolysis reaction (uses H2O)
Energetically favorable
This is called catabolism of polymers

Question 18

3 examples of polymers

Answer 18

1) nucleotides(DNA & RNA)
2) Proteins
3) Polysaccharides(glycogen) sugar molecules put together
All condensation steps require energy from ATP

Question 19

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 19

In the cytoplasm, then in the mitochondria

Question 20

What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

Answer 20

C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O + 36ATP

Question 21

What does lactate do to your body?

Answer 21

When you are excersizing, you use oxygen to break down glucose for energy, if your body can’t get enough oxygen, lactate is made.
This is the burning sensation in your muscles.

Question 22

What are the end products of glycolysis

Answer 22

Net gain of 2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH

Question 23

How many ATP does glycolysis use

Answer 23

Uses 2 ATP

Produces 4 ATP

Question 24

Where are the NADH formed during glycolysis used

Answer 24

Uses in the electron transport chain

Question 25

Where do the citric acid cycle take place

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

What are the products formed in the citric acid cycle

Answer 26

2 GTP
6NADH
2FADH2
4 CO2

Question 27

Where are the NADH and FADH2 used?

Answer 27

In the electron transport chain

Question 28

Def phosphorylation

Answer 28

Adding (PO4)-3

The process of Turing ADP to ATP

Question 29

What is the process of the ETC

Answer 29

Transfers e- through carriers
-lowers the e-‘s energy
Uses energy to move H+ against gradient
H+ gradient is used to phosphorlate ADP

Question 30

What happens to NAD+ and FAD in the ETC

Answer 30

They are recycled to the citric acid cycle

Question 31

Results of ETC

Answer 31

32. ATP

H2O

Question 32

Define oxidative

Answer 32

Uses O2

Question 33

Where are the 36 ATP in cellular respiration equation Come from?

Answer 33

2- glycolysis
2 - citric acid cycle
32 - ATP synthesis(ETC)

Question 34

Where does the pyruvate get moved after glycolysis

Answer 34

Moves into the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle