Central Dogma 2

Question 1

Identify the location of the splicing of mRNA

Answer 1

Occurs in nucleus

Question 2

Identify the Splice Donor and Splice Acceptor

Answer 2

Splice Donor - 5’ end of all introns start with GU

Splice Acceptor - 3’ end of all introns end with AG

Question 3

Once introns are removed,

Answer 3

Exons spliced together

Question 4

State the number of bases usually found in Small Nuclear RNA, and what transcribes it

Answer 4

200 bases and is transcribed by RNA polymerase 2

Question 5

List the 3 Phases of Translation

Answer 5

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

Question 6

What happens during the first phase of translation?

Answer 6

Binding tRNA anticodon UAC with the start codon AUG

- reads messenger RNA 5’-3’

Question 7

List the three sites found in a Ribosome that are used for Translation

Answer 7

1) tRNA enters A site and binds to mRNA
2) peptide bond forms between amino acids in P site with new one is A site. P site amino acid is released
3) ribosome moves down mRNA(towards 3’ end)
- Empty tRNA is released and new mRNA codon is in A site.

PROCESS REPEATS

Question 8

What happens during the third phase of translation?

Answer 8

Stop codon is reached, OH is released to end of peptide and is released by release factors

Question 9

Explain how Alternative Splicing affects gene expression

Answer 9

Some exons may be included in the splice, resulting in a different protein being translated

Question 10

Explain how splicing can be used as a method of evolution and speciation

Answer 10

They can produce many proteins from same gene-gender protein diversity

Question 11

What is the function of translation

Answer 11

to build a polypeptide (protein) in the cytoplasm of the
cell, from the code found in mRNA (transcribed from DNA), with the help of tRNA and
ribosomes

Question 12

How do you produce a protein from a mRNA strand

Answer 12

Linking individual amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 13

Where does translation occur

Answer 13

Cytoplasm

Question 14

Translation organelle is the what

Answer 14

Ribosome

Question 15

Describe the two subunits that make up a Ribosome

Answer 15

60s & 40s

- each subunit is compromised of proteins and rRNA

Question 16

Where can the ribosomes be?

Answer 16

Can be free(stay in cell) or attached to ER(outside of the cell) – making rough ER

Question 17

Define Codon

Answer 17

mRNA is read in groups of 3 nucleotides

Question 18

Identify the Start Codon, and what it codes for

Answer 18

The start codon is always AUG and it codes for methionine

Question 19

Explain how it is determined that a polypeptide is done Translating

Answer 19

Translation continues until a stop codon is read (UAA, UAG, or UGA)

Question 20

Identify the scientist who explained the Code in the Codons, and what year

Answer 20

FJ Taylor , 1989

Question 21

Explain the Code in the Codons

Answer 21

1st nucleotide - tells what precursor the amino acid is made from

2nd nucleotide - tells polarity of amino acid

3rd nucleotide- has no specific function ; greatest diversity

Question 22

Describe th polarity of the codon

Answer 22

U= most nonpolar
C= weak nonpolar 
G= weak polar
A= most polar

Question 23

Summarize the role of each RNA used in Translation

Answer 23

mRNA - holds code for structure of protein
tRNA - have anticodons & bind specific amino acids
rRNA - part of ribosome

Question 24

List the 5 main functions of proteins

Answer 24

1) Enzymes
2) Transporters
3) Receptors
4) Antigens
5) Transcription Factors

Question 25

What do enzymes do

Answer 25

Increase reactions

Question 26

What do transporters do

Answer 26

Pass material through membrane

• active(use ATP)
  - passive (follow gradient)

Question 27

What do receptors do

Answer 27

Change cellular activity, allow certain activities

The on switch for neuronal reactions

Question 28

What are antigens

Answer 28

Allows cellular identity

• identify self and foreign antigens
• foreign antigens our bodies fight w/ antibodies
  - usually form 1,2 or 3

Question 29

What are transcription factors

Answer 29

Turn on or off , gene expression

Question 30

Explain the role of the Functional Group in an Amino Acid and protein.

Answer 30

Is different for different amino acids

- gives the protein its shape

Question 31

Explain how codons, found on RNA, relate to a specific Amino Acid, found on tRNA

Answer 31

Each codon has a specific anticodon if codes for, thus Anticodon gets brought by a transfer RNA which on the transfer RNA has a specific amino acid it has depending on the Anticodon and codon