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BIOL 152 > Chapter 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Flashcards

1
Q

A sensory neuron with specialized membranes in which receptor proteins are embedded.

A

sensory receptor cell

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2
Q

A group of sensory receptors that converts particular physical and chemical stimuli into nerve impulses that are processed by a nervous system and sent to a brain.

A

sensory organ

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3
Q

The conversion of physical or chemical stimuli into nerve impulses.

A

sensory transduction

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4
Q

A receptor that responds to molecules that bind to specific protein receptors on the cell membrane of the sensory receptor

A

chemoreceptor

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5
Q

A sensory receptor that responds to physical deformations of its membrane produced by touch, stretch, pressure, motion, or sound.

A

mechanoreceptor

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6
Q

A receptor that responds to electrical, magnetic, or light stimuli.

A

electromagnetic receptor

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7
Q

A molecule whose chemical properties are altered when it absorbs light; also, photoreceptors are the sensory receptors in the eye.

A

photoreceptor

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8
Q

A sensory receptor found in some fish that enables them to detect weak electrical signals emitted by other organisms.

A

electroreceptor

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9
Q

A sensory receptor in the skin and in specialized regions of the central nervous system that responds to heat and cold.

A

thermoreceptor

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10
Q

A type of nerve cell with dendrites in the skin and connective tissues of the body that responds to excessive mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli by withdrawal from the stimulus and by the sensation of pain.

A

nociceptor

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11
Q

The number of action potentials fired over a given period of time.

A

firing rate

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12
Q

The converging of multiple receptors onto a neighboring neuron, increasing its firing rate proportionally to the number of signals received.

A

spatial summation

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13
Q

The frequency of synaptic stimuli; the integration of sensory stimuli that are received repeatedly over time by the same sensory cell.

A

temporal summation

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14
Q

In an evolutionary context, the fit between an organism and its environment that results from evolution by natural selection. In sensory reception, the process in which sensory receptors reduce their firing rate when a stimulus continues over a period of time.

A

adaptation

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15
Q

Inhibition of a process in cells adjacent to the cell receiving a signal inducing that process, enhancing the strength of a signal locally but diminishing it peripherally.

A

lateral inhibition

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16
Q

The sense of smell.

A

olfaction

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17
Q

The sense of taste.

A

gustation

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18
Q

One of the sensory organs for taste

A

taste bud

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19
Q

A specialized mechanoreceptor that senses movement and vibration.

A

hair cell

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20
Q

Nonmotile cell-surface projections on hair cells whose movement causes a depolarization of the cell’s membrane.

A

stereocilia

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21
Q

In fish and sharks, a sensory organ along both sides of the body that uses hair cells to detect movement of the surrounding water.

A

Lateral line system

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22
Q

A type of gravity-sensing organ found in most invertebrates.

A

statocyst

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23
Q

In plants, a large starch-filled organelle in the root cap that senses gravity; in animals, a dense particle that moves freely within a statocyst, enabling it to sense gravity.

A

statolith

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24
Q

A system in the mammalian inner ear made up of two statocyst chambers and three semicircular canals.

A

vestibular system

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25
Q

One of three connected fluid-filled tubes in the mammalian inner ear that contains hair cells that sense angular motions of the head in three perpendicular planes.

A

semicircular canal

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26
Q

A thin sheet of tissue at the surface of the ear that vibrates in response to sound waves, amplifying airborne vibrations; in mammals, also known as the eardrum.

A

tympanic membrane

27
Q

Small unit of the photosynthetic surface on fern leaves; also, the external structure of mammalian ears that enhance the reception of sound waves contacting the ear.

A

pinna

28
Q

The part of the human ear that includes the pinna, the ear canal, and tympanic membrane.

A

outer ear

29
Q

In mammals, another name for the tympanic membrane, which transmits airborne sounds into the ear.

A

eardrum

30
Q

The part of the mammalian ear containing three small bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes, which amplify the waves that strike the tympanic membrane.

A

middle ear

31
Q

A small bone in the middle ear that helps amplify the waves that strike the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

32
Q

A small bone in the vertebrate middle ear that helps amplify the sound waves that strike the tympanic membrane.

A

incus

33
Q

A small bone in the middle ear that helps amplify the waves that strike the tympanic membrane; the stapes connects to the oval window of the cochlea.

A

stapes

34
Q

The thin membrane between the stapes of the middle ear and the cochlea of the inner ear.

A

oval window

35
Q

The part of the vertebrate ear that includes the cochlea and semicircular canals.

A

inner ear

36
Q

A coiled chamber within the skull containing hair cells that convert pressure waves into an electrical impulse that is sent to the brain.

A

cochlea

37
Q

The membrane that, with the cochlear duct, separates the upper and lower canal of the cochlea.

A

basilar membrane

38
Q

A fluid-filled cavity in the cochlea, next to the upper canal, that houses the organ of Corti.

A

cochlear duct

39
Q

A structure in the cochlear duct, supported by the basilar membrane, with specialized hair cells with stereocilia, that functions to convert mechanical vibrations to electrical impulses.

A

organ of Corti

40
Q

A rigid membrane in the cochlear duct, against which the stereocilia of hair cells in the organ of Corti bend when stimulated by vibration, setting off an action potential.

A

tectorial membrane

41
Q

The area of the brain that processes sound.

A

auditory cortex

42
Q

Using sound waves to locate an object; bats find insect prey by emitting short bursts of high-frequency sound that bounce off surrounding objects and are reflected to the bat’s ears.

A

echolocation

43
Q

A photosensitive protein that converts the energy of light photons into electrical signals in the receptor cell.

A

opsin

44
Q

An eye structure found in flatworms that contains photoreceptors that point up and to the left or right.

A

eyecups

45
Q

An eye structure found in insects and crustaceans that consists of a number of ommatidia, individual light-focusing elements.

A

compound eye

46
Q

An eye structure found in vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks that works like a camera to produce a sharply defined image of the animal’s visual field.

A

single-lens eye

47
Q

Individual light-focusing elements that make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans; the number of ommatidia determines the resolution of the image.

A

ommatidia

48
Q

A tough, white outer layer surrounding the vertebrate eye.

A

sclera

49
Q

The transparent portion of the sclera in the front of the vertebrate eye.

A

cornea

50
Q

An opening in the vertebrate eye through which light enters.

A

pupil

51
Q

A flexible structure in the vertebrate eye through which light passes after entering through the pupil; it is controlled by ciliary muscles that contract or relax to the adjust the shape of the lens to focus light images.

A

lens

52
Q

A clear watery liquid that fills the interior region in front of the lens of the vertebrate eye.

A

aqueous humor

53
Q

A gel-like substance filling the large cavity behind the lens that makes up most of the volume of the vertebrate eye.

A

vitreous humor

54
Q

A thin tissue in the posterior of the vertebrate eye that contains the photoreceptors and other nerve cells that sense and initially process light stimuli.

A

retina

55
Q

A derivative of vitamin A that absorbs light and binds to rhodopsin, a transmembrane protein in the photosensitive cells of vertebrates.

A

retinal

56
Q

A type of photoreceptor cell on the retina that detects color.

A

cone cells

57
Q

A type of photoreceptor cell on the retina that detects light and shades ranging from white to shades of gray and black, but not color.

A

rod cells

58
Q

The center of the visual field of most vertebrates, where cone cells are most concentrated; the region of greatest acuity.

A

fovea

59
Q

A type of interneuron in the retina that adjusts its release of neurotransmitter in response to input from rod and cone cells.

A

bipolar cell

60
Q

A type of interneuron in the retina that synapses with bipolar cells and, if activated, transmits action potentials along the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain.

A

ganglion cell

61
Q

A cranial nerve that transmits action potentials from ganglion cells in the retina to the visual cortex of the brain.

A

optic nerve

62
Q

The part of the brain that processes visual images.

A

visual cortex

63
Q

A type of interneuron in the retina that communicates between neighboring pairs of photoreceptors and bipolar cells, enhancing contrast through lateral inhibition to sharpen the image.

A

horizontal cell

64
Q

A type of interneuron in the retina that communicates between neighboring bipolar cells and ganglion cells, enhancing motion detection and adjusting for changes in illumination of the visual scene.

A

amacrine cell

BIOL 152 (16 decks)

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