Anatomy - Anatomy of Breathing

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of skeletal muscles for breathing and what do they do?

Answer 1

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
Pull adjacent ribs upwards and outwards. Slide 10

Question 2

What is the intercostal nerve

Answer 2

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve. Slide 11

Question 3

What is the blood supply for the posterior and anterior part of the intercostal spaces?

Answer 3

Posterior - Thoracic aorta and Azygous vein. Anterior - Internal thoracic artery and internal thoracic vein. Slide 11

Question 4

What is the blood supply to the lung tissue?

Answer 4

Bronchial arteries from the thoracic aorta. Slide 12

Question 5

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 5

A skeletal muscle with an unusual central tendon and forms floor of the chest cavity. Slide 13

Question 6

What structures does the diaphragm attach to?

Answer 6

The sternum, the lower 6 ribs and costal cartliages and the L1-L3 vertebral bodies . Slide 13

Question 7

What makes up the phrenic nerve, where is it found and what does it supply?

Answer 7

Combined spinal nerves 3, 4 and 5.
It is found in the neck of the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle and the chest over the lateral part of the heart.
It supplies the diaphragm and the fibrous pericardium. Slide 14

Question 8

What does the superolateral quadrant of the right female breast include?

Answer 8

Breast tissue and the axillary tail which is extended breast tissue. Slide 19

Question 9

What blood vessels supply the breast and what is the drainage system of lymph?

Answer 9

The subclavian and internal thoracic vein and artery.

In the lateral quadrants the drainage is unilateral, in the medial quadrants the drainage is bilateral. Slide 20

Question 10

How is a ‘winged scapula’ formed and what is it?

Answer 10

The long thoracic nerve supplies the serratus anterior. The serratus anterior anchors the scapula to the rib, so when the long thoracic nerve is damaged or cut off for a period of time it causes the paralysis of the serratus anterior so the scapula sticks out. Slide 23

Question 11

What separates the subclavian vein and artery? and which is posterior and anterior?

Answer 11

The scalenus anterior separates it and the artery is posterior and the vein is anterior. Slide 26

Question 12

When do the subclavian vessels become the axiallary vessels?

Answer 12

When the vessels are lateral to the lateral border of the first rib and the subclavian vessels are within the axilla. Slide 26

Question 13

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 13

The root of the lung where there is the reflection of the pleura. Slide 28

Question 14

The parietal pleura has 4 parts, what are they?

Answer 14

Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parietal pleura. Slide 29

Question 15

What does the costodiaphragmatic recess allow to be seen clinically?

Answer 15

If the patient is sitting upright then the costophrenic angle is blunted on an X-ray and not as sharp meaning there is abnormal fluid there. Slide 29

Question 16

What structures pass through the lung root?

Answer 16

Pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, lymphatics, visceral afferents(sensory nerves), sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Slide 31

Question 17

What is the surfaces markings of the right lung and what is included in the hilum?

Answer 17

Depressions of the heart, ribs, superior vena cava, azygous vein and the diaphragm.
In the hilum is main bronchi, pulmonary arteries, veins and lymph nodes. Slide 33

Question 18

What is the surfaces markings of the leftlung and what is included in the hilum?

Answer 18

Depressions of the aorta, ribs, heart and the diaphragm.

The hilum has ONE pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, main bronchi and pulmonary lymph nodes. Slide 34

Question 19

What is auscultation and what does normal breathing sound like?

Answer 19

Listening to the sound of air moving through the larynx and normal breathing sounds are rustling. Slide 35

Question 20

When listening to the lungs where do you listen?

Answer 20

Lung apex - right of the mid-clavicular line superiorly.
Middle lobe - between rib 4 and 6 on the RHS.
Lung base - scapular line at T11. Slide 37