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From Flashcardlet > Heme Part 2 > Flashcards

Heme Part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Geimsa Stain

A

Classic blood film stain for peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens. Bone marrow is usually considered better

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1
Q

Wrights Stain

A

Used primarily to stain peripheral blood smears. Normoblasts will have high concentrations of mRNA that will stain blue.

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2
Q

Neumaga

A

Interleukin 11 used in marrow aplasia or hypoplasia. Initiated 6-24 hours after chemo. Neumaga stimulates megakaryocyte production and stimulation

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3
Q

Cryoprecipitate

A

Frozen blood product prepared from plasma

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4
Q

Anticardiolipin antibodies

A

Heterogeneous family of autoantibodies that are associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia

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5
Q

Lupus anticoagulants

A

Prolong clotting times by binding proteins associated with phospholipid

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6
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis

A

Occurs in cancer activating coagulation in various places of body

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7
Q

Embolus

A

Free floating clot

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8
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot anchored to vessel wall

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9
Q

Saddle embolus

A

Clot blocking both right and left pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Right sided heart failure secondary to lung disease

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11
Q

Paradoxical embolism

A

Emboli which arises in the venous circulation and bypasses the lungs through an incompletely closed foramen ovale or any other type of defect such as septal defects

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12
Q

Monckebergs atherosclerosis

A

Calcification of blood vessels that presents as a “lead pipe” vessel. Causes activation of platelets and factors when cracked

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13
Q

Lines of Zahn

A

Thrombus in arterial system characterized by soft and dark red with alternating bands of yellow platelets and fibrin

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14
Q

Mural

A

Thrombi attached to the endocardium of a heart chamber

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15
Q

Homocysteine

A

Amino acid found in blood plasma. Its breakdown requires the presence of folic acid and vitamin B6 and B12

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16
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone released from kidney when blood flow or PO2 has decreased

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17
Q

Normoblast

A

Nucleus shrinks and is reabsorbed in rbc maturation. Increased mRNA to assemble the cellular machines for the production of alpha and beta globins

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18
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Cell leaves marrow and enters bloodstream. Contains mRNA strands

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19
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Rbc has achieved final size and biconcave shape. Hemoglobin synthesis has ceased. No nucleus or mRNA.

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20
Q

Erythrocytes production before birth

A

Rbcs made in liver and spleen

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21
Q

Erythrocyte production birth to early childhood

A

Red marrow in all marrow cavities, liver and spleen

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22
Q

Erythrocyte production in 20 year old

A

Red marrow in long bones replaced with fat (yellow marrow)

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23
Q

HbA

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

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24
Q

HbA2

A

2 alpha and 2 delta chains

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25
Q

HbF

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

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26
Q

HbS

A

2 alpha chains and 2 mutated beta chains causing sickle shape

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27
Q

Hemoglobin C disease

A

Autosomal recessive. 2 alpha chains and 2 variant beta chains (1 sickle and 1 HbC). Hemoglobin precipitates forming crystals. Hemolytic anemia. Protective for malaria.

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28
Q

Normal rbc count

A

Approx 5,000,000/ul

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29
Q

Normal hemoglobin value

A

Female 12-16 gm/dl

Male 14-17 gm/dl

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30
Q

Normal hematocrit value

A

Female 37-47%

Male 40-54%

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31
Q

Normal Mean corpuscular volume value

A

Approx. 90 fl

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32
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin normal value

A

27-33 pg/cell

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33
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normal value

A

33-37 g/dl

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34
Q

Normal reticulocyte value

A

Approx. 1%

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35
Q

Reticulocyte index

A

RI = reticulocyte% x Hct/45 x 0.5
Less than 2 production problem
Greater than 2 hemolytic anemia and acute blood loss

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36
Q

Burr cells

A

Increase in uric acid

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37
Q

Schistocytes

A

Bite cells, traumatic situation

38
Q

Spurr cells

A

Common in liver disease

39
Q

Poiklocytes

A

Variation in shape

40
Q

Anisocytes

A

Variation in size

41
Q

Pica

A

Cravings for ice, sand, dirt in anemia

42
Q

Cheilosis

A

Cracks at side of mouth often from B12 deficiency

43
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Has Fe+3 oxidized iron which cannot bind to oxygen even if free floating

44
Q

Ferritin

A

Iron storing substance

45
Q

Fanconi anemia

A

Bone marrow does not produce any cells

46
Q

Microcytic

A

Usually disorder of hemoglobin synthesis

47
Q

Macrocyclic

A

Usually disorder with maturation

48
Q

Ringed sideroblasts

A

Erythroblasts with iron that has precipitated out

49
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

rRNA aggregates on peripheral blood smear, always pathological

50
Q

Sideroblastic anemia

A

Failure to incorporate heme into protoporphyrin causing iron to accumulate

51
Q

Thalassemia

A

Defect in globin synthesis

52
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

Agent that inhibits DNA synthesis slowing growth of rbcs in bone marrow and increases HbF levels and WBC production

53
Q

Hemoglobin Barts

A

Gamma tetramers. In newborns due to unpaired non alpha chains.

54
Q

Hemoglobin H

A

Beta tetramers. Have no alpha chains because they have precipitated out and are now targeted for destruction

55
Q

Hemoglobin H disease

A

Chronic hemolytic anemia of variable severity. Pallor and splenomegaly. Asian.

56
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of intrinsic factor.

57
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Impairment of DNA synthesis leading to large erythroid precursors and red cells

58
Q

Coenzymes for thymidine synthesis

A

Vitamin B12 and Folate

59
Q

Type I antibody of pernicious anemia

A

Blocks vitamin B12 from binding to intrinsic factor

60
Q

Type II antibody of pernicious anemia

A

Prevents the intrinsic factor/vitamin B 12 complex from binding to receptor

61
Q

Type III antibody of pernicious anemia

A

Antibody to gastric parietal cell

62
Q

Methylmalonic acid

A

Builds up in macrocytic-normochromic anemia without vitamin B to help in its conversion to succinyl

63
Q

Schilling Test

A

Radioactive Vitamin B12 orally and will be absorbed into liver and excreted into urine (h2o soluble). If intrinsic factor is present, will see radioactive in urine.

64
Q

Spectrin

A

Protein that is defective in red cell membrane cytoskeleton of hereditary spherocytosis

65
Q

Fava Bean Anemia

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. X linked recessive caused by exposures that generate oxidan stress.

66
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Globin chains denature forming precipitates. Cause intra and extra vascular hemolysis

67
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Point mutation - valine for glutamic acid in the beta chain

68
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignancy of blood-forming cells in bone marrow

69
Q

Hallmarks of leukemia

A

Anemia, fatigue, and easily bruising

70
Q

Histiocytoses

A

Proliferation of macrophages and dendritic cells

71
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system

72
Q

Reed- Sternberg cell

A

Indicative of Hodgkin lymphoma

73
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

9, 22 translocation (BCR-ABL rearrangement) in CML and ALL (very bad prognosis in ALL)

74
Q

ZAP-70

A

Protein that augments signals produced by Ig receptor

75
Q

Auer rods

A

Fused neutrophil primary granules. May be found in AML.

76
Q

Anthracyclines (daunorubicin)

A

DNA intercalated

77
Q

Cytarabine

A

S phase specific antimetabolite

78
Q

Allopurinol

A

Drug used to treat excess uric acid in plasma

79
Q

Aquagenic pruritus

A

Mast cells or prostaglandins

80
Q

Anagrelide

A

Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, inhibits megakaryocyte maturation.

81
Q

Amicar

A

Inhibits fibrinolysis to treat hemorrhage. Usually used after surgery.

82
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Tumor of B cells and plasma cells

83
Q

Rouleaux

A

“Roll of coins” appearance of rbcs due to antibodies that cause cells to stick together

84
Q

Bence Jones proteins

A

Immunoglobulin light chains present in the urine

85
Q

Russell bodies

A

Eosinophilia cytoplasmic inclusions of excess immunoglobulin

86
Q

Dutcher bodies

A

Eosinophilia nuclear inclusions of excess immunoglobulin

87
Q

Dyserythropoiesis

A

Erythroid precursors with irregular nuclear contours

88
Q

VAM

A

Vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone

89
Q

Pure red cell aplasia

A

A selective depletion of red cell precursors with intact granulocytic and megakaryocytic lineages. Most are immune mediated. Can be caused by parvovirus B19

90
Q

Iron deficiency anemia vs. anemia of chronic disease

A

Serum ferritin is decreased in iron deficiency anemia.

91
Q

Anemia of renal failure

A

Generally normochromic normocytic. Results from a deficiency in EPO production.

92
Q

What is an associated syndrome of acute promyelocytic leukemia?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation.

93
Q

Clinical manifestations of polycythemia Vera

A

Thrombosis and HTN

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