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Gross Anatomy > 5.1 Organization of the Brain (Dental Decks also used) > Flashcards

5.1 Organization of the Brain (Dental Decks also used) Flashcards

1
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord contains tracts that provide and recieve information to and from the brain. What is the function of the ascending tracts and descending tracts?

A

ascending travels toward the brain - sensory

descending travels away from the brain - motor

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2
Q

Which ascending (sensory) tract of the spinal cord has the function of: pain, temperature, and crude touch to the opposite side?

A

Lateral spinothalamic

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3
Q

Which ascending (sensory) tract of the spinal cord has the function of: crude touch and pressure?

A

Anterior spinothalamic

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4
Q

Which ascending (sensory) tract of the spinal cord has the function of: discriminating touch and pressure sensations?

A

DCML

Fasciculus gracilis

Fasciculus cuneatus

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5
Q

Which ascending (sensory) tract of the spinal cord has the function of: unconscious kinesthesia?

A

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar

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6
Q

What lies in the longitudinal fissure and separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

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7
Q

What separates the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

What separates the two lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Falx cerebelli

contains occipital sinus

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9
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

over the dura matter

epidermal hematoma = accumulation of blood from a torn meningeal artery

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10
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

a closed space between the dura matter and the arachnoid membrane

often the site of hemorrhage after head trauma, associated vessel is the bridging vein

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11
Q

What is the associated vessel in a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Circle of Willis

Berry Aneurysm

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12
Q

What CN’s arise in the pons?

A
  • Trigeminal - CN V
  • Abducens - CN VI
  • Facial - CN VII

5,6,7

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13
Q

What CN’s are attached to the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal - CN IX
  • Vagus - CN X
  • Spinal Accessory - CN XI
  • Hypoglossal - CN XII

9 - 12

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14
Q

What in the midbrain helps to control movement, a lession of it will cause Parkinson’s Disease?

A

substantia nigra

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15
Q

What part of the brain serves as an exit tract for CN V?

A

Pons “bridge”

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16
Q

What area in the medulla oblongata, is involved in regulating sleep and arousal, pain perception, and includes vital centers that regulate breathing and heart activity?

A

reticular formation

central core of gray matter

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17
Q

Where are the inferior and superior sagittal sinuses found?

A

Falx cerebri

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18
Q

What contains the straight, transverse, and superior petrosal sinuses?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

What is the thin, wrinkled gray matter covering each cerebral hemisphere?

A

cerebral cortex

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20
Q

What layer of the cerebrum is a thick core of white matter?

A

cerebral medulla

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21
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

control of movement and balance

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22
Q

What lines most of the ventricular system of the CNS?

A

ependymal cells

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23
Q

What cells provide structural support in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

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24
Q

What are modified ependymal cells that form the inner layer of the choroid plexus, and secrete CSF into the ventricles?

A

Choroidal Cells

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25
Q

What support cell bodies in ganglia within the PNS?

A

satellite cells

26
Q

What is the NT of preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

27
Q

In which system of the ANS are the preganglionic neurons relatively short and the postganglionic axons relatively long?

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

What is the NT of the postganglionic sympathetic axons?

A

NE except for adrenal medulla and sweat glands

29
Q

What nerves is the parasympathetic system dervided from?

A
  • CN III
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • S2-S4
30
Q

Through what opening do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

31
Q

The third ventricle is continous with the forth ventricle via?

A

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)

traverese the midbrain

32
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

diencephalon

33
Q

What provides communication between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space?

A

a median aperture (foramen of Magendie) and two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)

34
Q

Where and how and when does absorption fo the CSF into the bloodstream occur?

A
  • superior sagital sinus
  • via arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi)
    • one way valves
  • when CSF pressure is > venous pressure
35
Q

What do the lateral ventricles use to communicate to each other?

A

septum pellucidum

36
Q

What muscle fibers do the alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers

most numerous

involved in muscle contraction

37
Q

What muscle fibers do the gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers

together with sensory afferents compose muscle spindles

sense body position (proprioception)

38
Q

In the 3rd week of prenatal development, what cells develop from the neuroectoderm, and migrate to disperse whithin the mesenchym. They are involved in the development of many face and neck structures, such as branchial arches?

A

neural crest cells

39
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The stage in vertebrae embryos during which the neural tube is transformed into the primitive structures that will become the CNS.

Begining in the 3rd week with the folding of ectoderm creating the indentation known as the neural groove.

40
Q

What nerve fibers carry information related to proprioception?

A

A-alpha

41
Q

What nerve fibers carry information related to touch?

A

A-beta

42
Q

What nerve fibers carry information related to pain and temperature?

A

A-delta

43
Q

What nerve fibers carry information related to pain, temperature, and itch?

A

C-nerve

44
Q

All autonomic preganglionic synapses have what as a neurotransmitter and receptor?

A

Ach

nicotinic receptors

45
Q

All postganglionic parasympathetic synapses have what as a NT and receptor?

A

Ach

muscarinic receptors

46
Q

Most postganglionic sympathetic synapses have what as the NT, with which receptors?

A

NE

adrenergic

47
Q

What is the sympathetic preganglionic NT at adrenal medulla?

A

Ach

nicotinic receptor

48
Q

What is the sympathetic postganglionic NT and associtated receptor at sweat glands?

A

Ach

muscarinic

49
Q

What dysfunction of the cerebellum causes a disturbance that alters the direction and extent of voluntary movements; abnormal gait and uncoordinated movements?

A

Ataxia

50
Q

What dysfunction of the cerebellum causes an altered range of motion (misjudged distance)?

A

Dysmetria

51
Q

What dysfunction of the cerebellum causes oscillating motion, especially of head during movement?

A

Intention tremor

52
Q

What dysfunction of the cerebellum causes nystagmus, head tilt?

A

Vestibular signs

53
Q

What cerebellar cortex cells are the only output neuron from the cortex to utilize GABA to inhibit neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Purkinje cells

54
Q

Intrinsic cells of cerebellar cortex; use glutamate as an excitatory transmitter; excites Purkinje cells via axonal branches called “parallel fibers”

A

Granule Cells

55
Q

Inhibitory interneuron; utilizes GABA to inhibit Purkinje cells.

A

Basket Cells

56
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: voluntary movement, contraction of individual or small groups of muscles?

A

Lateral Corticospinal (crossed pyramid)

Upper and Lower Limbs

57
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: voluntary movement, contraction of individual or small groups of muscles of the same side?

A

Anterior Corticospinal (direct pyramidal)

Trunk

58
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: mainly facilitary influence on motor neurons to skeletal muscles?

A

Lateral reticulospinal

59
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: mainly inhibitory influence on motor neurons to skeletal muscles?

A

Medial reticulospinal

60
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: coordination of body movement and posture?

A

Rubrospinal

61
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: mediates the influences of the vestibular end organ and the cerebellum upon extensor muscle tone?

A

Vestibulospinal

62
Q

What descending tract of the spinal cord’s major function is: coordination of head, neck and eye movements?

A

Tectospinal tract (colliculospinal)

Gross Anatomy (25 decks)

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