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PoD > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the affect of the loss of tumour suppressor genes?

A

Allows cancer to develop due to uncontrolled cell proliferation

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2
Q

Three examples of tumour suppressor genes

A
  • Adenomatous polyposis (APC) - colon cancer
  • Retinoblastoma (Rb)
  • BRCA1 - breast cancer
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3
Q

What is the affect of gain of function of oncogenes?

A

Develops cancer as it is mutated proto-oncogene and allows cell to continually proliferate uncontrollably

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4
Q

Examples of oncogenes

A
  • B-raf
  • cyclin D1
  • ErbB2
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5
Q

Properties of cancer cells

A
  • Altered cellular function
  • Abnormal morphology
  • Cells capable on independent growth
  • Tumour biomarkers
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6
Q

Describe the altered cell functions of cancer cells

A
  • Loss of cell-cell adhesion
  • Loss of cell-matrix adhesion - allowing spread of tumour cells
  • Production of tumour biomarkers
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7
Q

Describe Tumour Biomarkers

A

Indicate presence of cancer

  • onco-fetal proteins
  • expressed in fetal tissue
  • oncogenes
  • growth factors & receptors
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8
Q

Clinical use of tumour biomarkers

A
  • Screening: look for cancer in those susceptible
  • Diagnosis: symptoms & signs lead to type of cancer
  • Prognosis: identifying patients with specific outcome
  • Predictive: identifying patients who will respond to therapy
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9
Q

Tumour biomarker for colorectal cancer

A
  • Kras (oncogene)

- Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)

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10
Q

Tumour biomarker for Lung cancer

A
  • EGFR (growth factor)

- PD-L1 (immune checkpoint inhibitor)

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11
Q

Tumour biomarker for Melanoma

A

Braf (oncogene)

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12
Q

Tumour biomarker for breasT cancer

A
  • Her2-GF

- Oestrogen receptor

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13
Q

Tumour biomarker for prostate cancer

A

Prostate specific antigen

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14
Q

Describe morphology of cancer cells

A

-Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)

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15
Q

Characteristic of tumour growth

A

It is a balance between cell growth and cell death - angiogenesis and apoptosis

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16
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A
  • New blood vessel formation which sustains tumour growth

- Provides route for release of tumour cells into circulation - metastases

17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • Programmed cell death
  • Regulates tumour growth
  • Responds to chemotherapy and radiotherapy
18
Q

Clinical significance of metastases

A
  • Problem due to formation of metastatic (secondary) tumours from spread from primary sites
  • Prognosis depends on extent of cancer spread
19
Q

Mechanism of invasion and metastasis

A
  • Matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes - breakdown of connective tissue around cancer = spread
  • Less cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion allowing for spread
  • Increased adhesion for colonisation
20
Q

Modes of spread of cancer

A
  • Local spread - invades surrounding structures
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Blood spread
  • Transcoelomic spread - special form of local spread
21
Q

Steps in tumour invasion

A
  1. Malignant tumour
  2. Invasion into connective tissue
  3. Invasion into lymph/blood vessel
22
Q

Invasion via lymphatics stages

A
  1. Tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels
  2. Invasion into lymphatics and then to lymph nodes
  3. Colonisation in lymph node
23
Q

Invasion via blood stages

A
  1. Tumour cells adhere to blood vessels
  2. Invasion into blood and then to tissue
  3. Colonisation
24
Q

Describe trans-coelomic spread

A
  • Spread of tumour cells across body cavities

- Tumours of lung, stomach, colon and ovary

25
Q

Common sites of metastases

A
  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Brain
  • Bone (axial)
  • Adrenal gland
  • Omentum
26
Q

Uncommon sites of metastases

A
  • Spleen
  • Kidney
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Heart
27
Q

What tumours normally metastasise to bone tissue?

A

Breast and prostate

28
Q

What tissue does colorectal cancer metastasise to?

A

Liver

29
Q

What tissue does ovarian cancer metastasise to?

A

Momentum

PoD (35 decks)

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