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Theriogenology > Final Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Final Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What fractions do dogs have

A

Three fractions: first prostatic, second sperm rich, third prostatic

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2
Q

What might cause the penis to be unable to be extruded?

A

Persistent frenulum

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3
Q

What motility do you want for dog sperm

A

70-80% minimal

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4
Q

What morphology do you want for dog sperm

A

80% minimal

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5
Q

How can you determine the concentration of the semen

A

Hemacytometer

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6
Q

How can you estimate total sperm? What should it be?

A

Volume x concentration

Should be around 10 million/pound BW

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7
Q

What does the total sperm depend on

A

Collector technique
Presence of estrus teaser bitch
Weight/size of the dog

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8
Q

Would it be normal to see WBCs in dog semen?

A

No

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9
Q

Where should the tail of the epididymis be in the dog

A

Towards the tail (caudal)

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10
Q

What is aspermia

A

No ejaculation

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11
Q

What is azoospermia

A

Ejaculation of fluid without sperm

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12
Q

What is oligospermia

A

Low number of total sperm

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13
Q

What is teratozoospermia

A

Decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm

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14
Q

What is asthenozoospermia

A

Progressive motility less than 70%

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15
Q

What could cause testicular azoospermia

A 
Intersex animals
Germinal cell aplasia
Bilateral cryptorchidism
Testicular trauma
Orchitis
Testicular neoplasia
Zeuterin (chemical sterilization) as a puppy
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16
Q

How to diagnose azoospermia

A 
Palpation
Karyotype
Culture of semen
Brucella testing
Ultrasound
Aspiration/biopsy (final stage)
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17
Q

What is a good enzymatic marker for azoospermia

A

ALP in semen

Less than 5,000 in incomplete ejaculation (azoospermia or obstruction of ejaculatory ducts)

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18
Q

Does oligospermia mean they are infertile

A

Not necessarily

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19
Q

Causes of oligospermia

A 
Idiopathic
Seasonal
Neoplasia
Prostatic disease
Orchitis/ brucella
Hypothyroidism
Systemic illness- fever
Drugs (steroids, estrogen, ketoconazole, chemo)
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20
Q

What abnormalities in teratozoospermia are correlated with infertility

A

Midpiece attachment
Midpiece ultrastructure
Microcephalic sperm
Proximal droplets

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21
Q

Causes of teratozoospermia

A 
Tumors
Orchitis
Prostatitis
High fever
Obesity
Abstinence (may improve with ejaculations)
22
Q

What could cause asthenozoospermia

A

Anything that causes teratozoospermia
Genetic- primary ciliary dyskinesia
Iatrogenic- mishandling the sample (wrong lube, latex exposure)

23
Q

What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog

A

Prostate

24
Q

Clinical signs of BPH

A 
Asymptomatic
Incontinence
Tenesmus
Ribbon like stool
Hematuria
Symmetrical enlargement
Symmetrical enlargement of prostate but not painful on palpation
25
Q

How to treat BPH

A

Castration
Finasteride

Used to be an anti-GnRH vx but not available anymore

26
Q

Side effect of finasteride

A

Decreases semen volume but no libido or semen quality

27
Q

What is secondary to BPH?

A

Prostatitis

28
Q

What age group is prostatitis most common in?

A

Over 9 years old

29
Q

What clinical signs might you see with chronic/subclinical prostatitis

A 
May have recurrent UTIs
Urethral discharge
Poor semen quality
Hemospermia
Infertility
Nonpainful on palpation
30
Q

How to treat prostatitis

A

Castrate
Acute- iv fluid and antibiotics
Chronic- oral antibiotics for 4-6 weeks minimum

31
Q

What antibiotics will reach the prostatic tissue

A

Fluoroquinolones
Trimethoprim sulfa
Chloramphenicol

32
Q

Who is prostatic neoplasia most common in

A

Castrated dogs

33
Q

What prostatic neoplasia is most common

A

Adenocarcinoma

34
Q

How is brucella canis transmitted

A

Oronasal contact with vaginal discharge and aborted materials
Seminal fluid
Urine
Fomites

35
Q

How often should you screen for brucella

A

Every 6 months

36
Q

If you get a positive brucella screening what should you do

A

Recheck with a reference lab because false positives are common

37
Q

What should you do if you have a positive brucella dog (after you’ve rechecked the test and it is still positive)

A

Notify state vet
Isolate
Sterilize
Euthanize/depopulate in some cases

38
Q

What does sterilization help with a positive brucella dog

A

Decreases shedding

39
Q

When are spines present on a toms penis

A

When testosterone is present

40
Q

What happens when a tom is castrated

A

The penile spines atrophy

41
Q

What problems might arise with a tom repro wise

A 
Penile hair rings causing pain and mating failure
Mate preferences
Karyotype/intersex issues
Cryptorchidism
Nutritional testicular degeneration
Orchitis
FIP
42
Q

What causes nutritional testicular degeneration/atrophy

A

Decficiency in riboflavin or EFA linoleate

Deficiency or excess of vitamin A

43
Q

How can you get semen from a tom

A

Sedate and use electroejaculation

44
Q

What clinical signs might you see with acute prostatitis

A 
Painful on palpation
Clinically ill- vomiting, fever, abdominal pain
Decreased libido
Pain on ejaculation
Hemospermia
45
Q

Clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia

A

Asymmetrically enlarged, firm prostate
May see prostatic calcification
Lung/bone metastasis

46
Q

Clinical sign of brucellosis- repro

A 
Abortion 45-60 days gestation
Conception failure
Early embryonic death
Testicular atrophy
Enlarged epididymides
Scrotal edema/dermatitis
Abnormal semen morphology
47
Q

Clinical signs of brucellosis- other systems

A 
Lymphadenomegaly
Discospondylitis
Lameness
Splenomegaly
Ocular lesions
Meningoencephalitis
48
Q

How to diagnose brucellosis

A

Rapid card/ slide agglutination test (RSAT)

49
Q

Should you breed cryptorchid dogs

A

no because it is considered a genetic illness

50
Q

How could you clinically test for a retained testes

A

GnRH or hcg stimulation tests

AMH test

51
Q

What is the most common neoplasis for retained testes

A

Sertoli cell tumor- results in feminization of male

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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