formative Flashcards
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
mesencephalon
myencephalon (hindbrain)
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
CN III- XII
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
3rd / 4th
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, VII, VIII,
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
contain motor fibres
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
motor fibres cross over
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
lateral
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
4th ventricle
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
foramen magnum
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
pons
how long is the midbrain
2cm
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
the thalamus
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
midbrain POSTERIOR
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
tuber cinereum
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior
posterior
flocondular
remember tonsil connecting to medulla
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
foramen magnum
what is a cerebellar coning
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
median longitudinal fissure
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
commissural
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
temporal
frontal/ parietal
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietaloccipital
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar
labyrinthe
superior cerebellar
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosis
no accommodation
eyeball abducted
no pupillary right reflex
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal vagus
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence) cavernous
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral posterior inferior cerebellar
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
what structures does the falx cerebri separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
crista gali of ethmoidfrontal crest of frontal bone
which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri
superior sagittal
which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate
cerebellumoccipital lobe
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to
crinoid process of the sphenoid
what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk
diaphragma sellae
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
what are ventricles
interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect
3rd ventricle to the 4th
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressure
in infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosum
fornix
what two things does the fornix link
hippocampus
hypothalamus
which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
what is the function of the thalamus
sensory relay station
which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to
VPL - ventro-postero-lateral
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon mesencephalon myencephalon
what absorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi
superior - visual reflex
inferior - auditory reflex
what runs along the peduncles
motor fibres
what makes up the olive bodies
inferior olive nucleii
what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of
foramen magnum
what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum
ataxia
what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from
diencephalon - forebrain
what is the function of the hypothalamus
main visceral control centre
body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones
what is the carotid canal lateral to
foramen lacerum
what are the vertebral arteries branches of
subclavian
what to dural venous sinuses drain into
IJV
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
where is the hippocampus
under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
what is area 4
pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
what is area 41/42
primary audiotory cortex
where is wernickes area
temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
what number is the primary visual cortex
17
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
what are components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
what are commissural fibres
connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
what are association fibres
connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of
projection fibres
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
what type of matter are the basal ganglia
grey
what is the pathology of the basal ganglia
parkinsons
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
ascending - sensorydescending - motor
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception(cross at medulla)
the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract
pain, temperature
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation
ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
what would happen if a LMN was damaged
areflexia (no reflexes)
flacid paralysis (lack of tone)
ipsilateral
where is the parasympathetic outflow
CN III, VII, IX, X
S2 , 3 , 4
where its the sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
which opening does cranial nerve I pass through
cribriform plate of ethmoid
which opening does cranial nerve II pass through
optic foramen
which opening does cranial nerve III pass through
superior orbital fissure
which opening does cranial nerve IV pass through
superior orbital fissure
which opening does cranial nerve V1 pass through
superior orbital fissure
which opening does cranial nerve VI pass through
superior orbital fissure
which opening does cranial nerve VII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
which opening does cranial nerve VIII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
which opening does cranial nerve IX pass through
jugular foramen
which opening does cranial nerve X pass through
jugular foramen
which opening does cranial nerve XI pass through
jugular foramen
which opening does cranial nerve XII pass through
hypoglossal foramen
which opening does cranial nerve V2 pass through
foramen rotundum
which opening does cranial nerve V3 pass through
foramen vales
where do the two optic nerves meet
optic chaism
what do somatic motor nerves supply
striated muscle under voluntary control
what are the cranial visceral motor nerves a divison of
parasympathetic nervous system
what do general sensory nerves receive inputs from
touch, temperature, pain
which cranial nerve innervates smell
olfactory
which cranial nerve innervates vision
optic
which cranial nerves innervates taste
facial - anterior 2/3 (chorda tympani)
glossopharyngeal/ vagus - posterior 1/3
which cranial nerve innervates hearing and balance
vestibulocochlear
which cranial nerves innervates eye movement
oculomotor
trochlear
abductens
which cranial nerve innervates face movement
facial
which cranial nerve innervates face sensation
trigeminal
which cranial nerve innervates chewing
V3- mandibular branch of the trigeminal
which cranial nerves innervates swallowing
glossopharyngeal and accessory
which cranial nerve innervates tongue movement
hypoglossal
which cranial nerve innervates the vocal chords
vagus
which cranial nerve innervates neck movement
accessory
which cranial nerve innervates visceral sensory inputs form pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, gut etc. chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
vagus and glossopharyngeal
which cranial nerves carry mixed fibres
trigeminal (sensory to face and motor to tongue)
facial (motor facial expression and sensory taste)
glossopharyngeal (motor swallowing - sensory taste)
vagus (sensory taste and visceral - motor to throat, vocal cords)
which cranial nerve are purely sensory
olfactory (smell)
optic (vision)
vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)
which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres
oculomotorfacialglossopharyngealvagus
which cranial nerves are purely motor
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory (neck, soft palate, throat - swallowing) hypoglossal - tongue
which type of fibres does the olfactory nerve carry
special sensory - smell
which type of fibres does the optic nerve carry
special sensory - sight
which type of fibres does the oculomotor nerve carry
motor - eye movement - 4/6 extrinsic & LPS parasympathetic - pupil
which type of fibres does the trochlear nerve carry
motor - eye movement - superior oblique
which type of fibres does the trigeminal VI nerve carry
sensory - cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, sinuses
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V2 nerve carry
sensory - all over maxilla, maxillary teeth, TMJ, maxillary sinus
which type of fibres does the trigeminal V3 nerve carry
sensory - face over mandible, TMJ, anterior 2/3 of tongue
motor - muscles of mastication, digastric, tensor veli palatinin, tensor tympani
which type of fibres does the abducent nerve carry
motor - eye movement - lateral rectus
which type of fibres does the facial nerve carry
somatic motor - muscles of facial expression, stapedius of middle ear (dampen down loud noise)
parasympathetic to salivary glands (submental &submandibular) & lacrimal glands
which type of fibres does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry
special sensory - hearing from cochlea and balance form semicircular canals (position of head), sacule and utricle (up and down)
which type of fibres does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry
special sensory - taste posterior 1/3
general sensory - cutaneous from middle ear and posterior oral cavity
visceral sensory - carotid body and carotid sinus (baroreceptors)
visceral motor - parasympathetic to parotid gland
somatic motor - stylopharyngeus (help with swallowing)
which type of fibres does the vagus nerve carry
special sensory - taste epiglottis and palate
general sensory - auricle, external acoustic meatus
visceral sensory - pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine
visceral motor - parasympathetic to bronci, heart
somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, soft palate, oesophagus
which type of fibres does the accessory carry
motor - SCM, trapezius, soft palate, pharynx, larynx
which type of fibres does the hypoglossal nerve carry
motor - muscles of tongue
which fossa is the olfactory bulb in
anterior fossa
which side of optic nerve fibres cross over at the optic chaism to form the optic tracts
nasal
which section of the brain does the oculomotor nerve emerge from
midbrain
which section of the brain does the trochlear nerve emerge from
DORSAL (posterior) midbrain
which section of the brain does the trigeminal nerve emerge from
pons
where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve split
trigeminal ganglion
which nerves emerge from the junction of the pons and medulla
abducents
facial
vestibulocochlear
describe the pathway of the facial nerve
post/medulla junction –> internal acoustic meatus –> facial canal –> stylomastoid foramen
which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
which cranial nerves are directly attached to the brain
olfactory and optic
which cranial nerve is tested by the pupillary light reflex
oculomotor
which cranial nerve is tested by touch over the cheek
V2
which cranial nerve is tested by sticking out the tongue
hypoglossal
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the olfactory nerve
anosmia
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the optic nerve
papilloeadema - increase in CSF compresses, drainage is stopped but artery is still supplied
lesion at chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia
lesion at R optic nerve - blindness in right eye
lesion in R optic tract - blind left temporal and right nasal (left homonymous hemianopsia)
tumour of pituitary gland - lose temporal visions
which tumour is likely to impact the optic nerve
pituitary gland
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the oculomotor nerve
ptosis - drooping of upper eyelid
no pupillary reflex
no accommodation
eyeball pointing down and abducted
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trochlear nerve
diplopia (double vision) when looking down and inwards
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the trigeminal nerve
paralysis to chewing musclesloss of sneezing and cornea reflex
loss of sensation to face
trigeminal neuralgia - inappropriate sensation to the face
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the abducent nerve
diplopia - medial deviation of the affected eye
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the facial nerve
bells palsy - can’t frown, close eyelid or bare teeth
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve
tinnitus - ringing in ears
deafness - conductive or sensorineural
vertigo - loss of balance
nystagmus - involuntary rapid eye movements (associated with loss of balance)
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve
loss of gag reflex and taste from back of tongue
which 3 nerves are affected in jugular foramen syndrome
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the vagus nerve
pharyngeal branches –> difficulty swallowinglaryngeal branches –> difficulty speaking (hoarse, quiet)
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the accessory nerve
weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulders
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the hypoglossal nerve
paralysis and wasting of half of tongue - deviates towards affected side
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
mesencephalon
myencephalon (hindbrain)
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
CN III- XII
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
3rd / 4th
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, VII, VIII,
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
contain motor fibres
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
motor fibres cross over
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
lateral
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
4th ventricle
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
foramen magnum
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
pons
how long is the midbrain
2cm
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
the thalamus
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
midbrain POSTERIOR
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
tuber cinereum
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior posteriorflocondular remember tonsil connecting to medulla
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
foramen magnum
what is a cerebellar coning
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
median longitudinal fissure
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
commissural
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
temporalfrontal/ parietal
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietaloccipital
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar labyrinthesuperior cerebellar
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstemoccipital lobecerebellum
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosisno accommodationeyeball abductedno pupillary right reflex
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal vagus
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal inferior sagittal transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence) cavernous
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmicsuperficial medial cerebral sphenopariteal sinus
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral posterior inferior cerebellar
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
