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Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy > Background Respiratory Phyisology > Flashcards

Background Respiratory Phyisology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic elements of respiratory control centre?

A
  1. Control centre
  2. Effectors
  3. Sensors
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2
Q

Where is the control centre?

A

Brain stem

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3
Q

How do the effectors work?

A

Receive info from central controller and actually cause ventilation to occur eg. Respiratory mms

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4
Q

How do the sensors work?

A

Gather info and feed it back to central controller to allow it to adjust output eg. Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

Breathing is stimulated and regulated by what concentrations of gases?

A

CO2, H, and O2

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6
Q

Changes in these concentrations is detected by?

A

Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

Central (medulla) detects changes in ph caused by changes in?

A

PCO2

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8
Q

Blood brain barrier is impermeable to ______ but CO2 can diffuse into ____?

A

Hydrogen, CSF

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9
Q

Normal range for PCO2 =

A

38-42mmHg

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10
Q

What does hypocapnic mean?

A

Drive to breathe

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11
Q

What is the response of alveolar ventilation to PCO2?
Increase in PCO2 (H)
Decrease in PCO2 (H)

A 
Increased ventilation - stimulation to breathe up to get rid of more CO2
Reduced ventilation (less breathing to retain CO2
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12
Q

Normal range for PaO2 =

A

80-100mmHg

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13
Q

At what range does O2 have to fall to for ventilation to be stimulated?

A

50mmHg

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14
Q

Is raised CO2 or falling O2 more likely to stimulate ventilation?

A

Falling O2

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15
Q

What are the different types of sources that pride feedback to respiratory centre?

A

Chemoreceptors, lung and chest wall stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors), irritant receptors in airways, j receptors in lungs, nose and URT, baroreceptors (arterial), peripheral joint and mm receptors, pain and temp receptors

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16
Q

What are the muscles involved in normal inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, parasternal intercostals, scalenes, quad rates lumborum

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17
Q

What are the muscles involved in normal expiration?

A

Passive recoil

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18
Q

What are the muscles involved in forced inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, SCM, pecs, levatores costarum, subclavius, serratus anterior/posterior, lat dorsi, traps, back extensors, quadratus lumborum

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19
Q

What are the muscles involved in forced expiration?

A

Intercostals, abs, serratus ant/post, tranversus thoracis, sub costal, lat dorsi, back extensors

20
Q

What’s the name of the movement at ribs 1-6?

A

Pump handle

21
Q

What is the name of the movement at ribs 7-10?

A

Bucket handle - movement caused by contraction of diaphragm, increases transverse diameter of rib cage

22
Q

What movement is happening at ribs 10-12?

A

Outward and backward swing of ribs, ‘caliper’ movement, increases lateral dimensions

23
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of gas that is inspired and expired during a normal breath

24
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of gas moving in and out of lug over 1 min. MV = Vt x RR

25
Q

What is dead space? (Vd)

A

Ventilated but not perfused

26
Q

What are the 2 types of airways?

A

Conducting - up to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory zone - from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

27
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Gas in conducting airways

28
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Gas in respiratory zone where there is no perfusion

29
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Alveolar and anatomical dead space

30
Q

What is a shunt?

A

Blood entering arterial system without going through ventilated lung

31
Q

What are examples of extra pulmonary shunts?

A

Congenital heart defect, blood going straight to left side of heart from right - not through lungs

32
Q

What’s an example of intrapulmonary shunt?

A

Blood going through the lungs but not being exposed to ventilated alveoli eg. Lung collapse, consolidation, leads to reduction in PaO2

33
Q

What is hypoxic vasoconstriction and how does it work?

A

When PO2 of alveolar gas is reduced the response of pulmonary vasculature is to constrict, effect is directing blood away from one alveoli to another with better oxygen - limits gas exchange.

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gas molecules across alveolar capillary membrane

35
Q

What are some factors affecting gas diffusion?

A

Surface area, thickness and composition of membrane, pressure gradient of gas across membrane, solubility of gas, molecular weight, lung vol, blood vol and Hb

36
Q

What are the 3 forms CO2 is carried?

A

Dissolved, combined with Hb, as bio carbonate HCO3

37
Q

Airway resistance is measure of resistance to gas flow through an airway. What is it influenced by?

A

Length, radius, driving pressure, viscosity of gas

38
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The elastic properties of the lung and vol change per unit of pressure

39
Q

What is a humans lung compliance?

A

200ml/cmH20

40
Q

What happens if there’s reduced compliance?

A

Stiffer lung

41
Q

What happens if there’s increased compliance?

A

Floppy lung

42
Q

What contributes to the lungs compliance?

A

Elastic tissue in the lung parenchyma, surface tension in alveoli, vascular structures and blood vol

43
Q

How do you describe interdependence of the alveoli?

A

They’re attached to one another, if one group collapse he over expansion of the other ones close by pull on the collapse to help re expand it

44
Q

What are the time constraints on the lungs

.

A

Amount of time it takes for an alveoli or region of lung to expand - depends on compliance (lung stiffness) and resistance to airflow

45
Q

Is alveolar ventilation distributed evenly throughout the lung?

A

No

46
Q

What is the perfect v/q?

A

1

47
Q

Due to regional variations in ventilation and perfusion what does are the v/q’s for the apex, mid and lower parts of lung?

A 
Apex = high v/q (better v vs q >1) 
Mid = equal (v/q even)
Lower = low v/q (better p vs v <1)

Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy (6 decks)

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