Nondemocratic regimes

Question 1

When did the distinction between democracy and dictatorship begin to exist?

Answer 1

French revolution

Question 2

What are the two kinds of rule?

Answer 2

Personal rule-
Dictatorial or monarchy
Hereditary
No limits on power or very few
Opposite of a constitutional monarchy

Organizational rule-
Institutional rule like the military or party rule (not as common as military)

Question 3

What are some of the factors to legitimacy in non democratic Regimes?

Answer 3

Religion, fascism, communism, democratic some)

Question 4

Under Linz and Stepan what are the 4 types of non democratic rule??

Answer 4

Totalitarian
Authoritarian
Post totalitarian
Sultan-ism

Inspired by Max Weber
Sultanism (personal rule)➡️ post-totalitarianism➡️ authoritarianism ➡️ totalitarianism (organizational rule)

Question 5

Linz and Stepan

Totalitarianism features

Answer 5

No pluralism 
strong ideology
 high mobilization 
unconstrained leadership
 little state autonomy

Question 6

Linz and Stepan

Authoritarian features

Answer 6

Limited pluralism(limited freedoms ie.press)
Weak ideology
Weak mobilization
Unconstrained leadership
Some state autonomy( unless you are explicitly against us youare for us)

Question 7

Linz and Stepan

Post Totalitarianism features

Answer 7

Limited pluralism 
Weakened ideology 
weakened mobilization
Increasing constraints on leadership
Increasing state autonomy

Question 8

Linz and Stepan

Sultanism features

Answer 8

Personal rule
Limited pluralism, but unpredictable despotism
Ideology, but often strong personality cult
Low mobilization
Highly personal leadership, no rational legal constraints
Eg Mobutu, Putin

Question 9

What were the fivenot democratic rule types of rule as defined by O’Neil?

Answer 9

Personal and monarchical rule
Military rule
One party rule
Theocracy
Illiberal regimes

Question 10

O’Neil

Personal and monarchical rule

Answer 10

• Single leader

- Patrimonialism eg goddather

Question 11

O’Neill

military rule

Answer 11

• Rule by military officials

- Sometimes in conjunction with other leads

Question 12

O’Neil

One party rule

Answer 12

• Single party excludes other groups

- Party membership is key to political and economic advancement

Question 13

O’Neil

Theocracy

Answer 13

• Rule by God

- Fusion of religious and political elites

Question 14

O’Neil

Illiberal Regimes

Answer 14

• Elected leadership rules illiberally

- Vote ringing, harassment of opposition, violation of the separation of powers

Question 15

What is competitive authoritarianism?

Which reading was that from?

Answer 15

“ in competitive authoritarian regimes, formal democratic institutions are widely viewed as the principal means of obtaining and exercising political authority. Incumbents violate those rules so often however, that the regime fails to meet conventional minimum standards of democracy
Levitsky and Way

Question 16

Summarize the Larry Diamond Article “rule of law vs the big man”

Answer 16

• non-democratic regimes regards to Africa
• Africa has many Competitive authoritarian systems relying on highly centralized presidencies and clientelism(Patron client relationship based on personal connections and benefits)
• System is highly personal, corrupt and largely unaccountable form of rule
• dominated by the big man (solidifies power with network of patronage)
• optimistic that civil society is a growing challenge to competitive authoritarianism
• Emphasizes international actors can play in important role in bolstering society while holding authoritarian rulers accountable

Question 17

What are the key things to remember about totalitarian regimes?

Answer 17

• use violence and terror
  Eg Joseph Stalin Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s
• total control by the state and communist parties millions of people imprisoned and executed
  Control and transform all aspects of state society and economy
  North Korea is the worlds only totalitarian regimes

Question 18

Explain the Resource trap

Answer 18

According to this theory existence of natural resources is a barrier to modernization and democracy

• resources in the ground give leaders the wealth necessary to run the state without taxation
• those in power don’t need taxation and representation trade off- Do not need to collect tax from people and can ignore their political demands
• natural resources stand development of modern economy and middle-class and can be a threat to those in power
• Natural resources are not portable, those in power know that if they lose power they will not be able to take it with them
• Wealth concentrated highly in the hands of the powerful

Question 19

What is populism

Answer 19

• Not a specific ideology and it’s more of an anti institutional approach
• carries the view that it leads and established institutions do not fully represent the will of the people that a new movement, free from ideology and lead by charismatic leader can usher in a new order
• assumes people need to take back the state and set it on the correct path

Question 20

What are the three means of control in non-democratic regimes

Answer 20

Coercion: public obedience is enforced through violence and surveillance

Co-optation: members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state And government, often through corporatism or clientelism

Personality cult: The public is encouraged to be the leader based on his or her extraordinary qualities and compelling ideas

Question 21

What is corporatism? Example

Answer 21

Method by non-democratic regimes to solidify control over the public by creating her sanctioning a limited number of organizations to represent the interest of the public and restricting those not set up or approved by the state
-State organizations bid to replace independent organizations with a handful that alone have the right to speak for various sectors of society

Eg churches, student groups etc. Approved and state funded

Question 22

What is a kleptocracy?

Answer 22

Rule by theft- Those in power seek only to drain the state of assets and resources and has the assets and resources dry up co-optation becomes quickly unravelled

Question 23

What is an illiberal or hybrid or a hybrid regime?

Answer 23

• Basic structures of democracy exist but are not fully institutionalized and often not respected
• weak rule of law-result- all the democratic institutions that rest upon it are weakly institutionalized and poorly respected

Question 24

What is the difference between clientelism, corporatism and patrimonialism??

Answer 24

Clientelism is where the state co-ops members of the public by providing specific benefits to a person in return for public support, relies on individual patronage

Corporatism relies on organizations that serve a large group of people

Patrimonialism Relies on a small group of regime supporters inside the state itself

Question 25

What is bureaucratic authoritarianism and what type of rule is it associated with?

Answer 25

It is associated with military rule
-Regime in which the state bureaucracy and the military Share a belief that a technocratic leadership focused on rational objective and technical expertise can solve the problems of the country -unlike emotional or irrational ideologically based party politics