Latin america

Question 1

Define middle income country

Answer 1

Between $4000 and $13,000 per capita GDP

-Historically less developed, most recently undergone rapid development that is comparable to develop countries

Question 2

Defined low income country

Answer 2

• Less than $4000 GDP

- States that have had less progress development

Question 3

What is the difference between imperialism and colonialism

Answer 3

Imperialism
- is extension of state power beyond its borders to directly controlled territory, resources and people
-driven by economic, strategic and religious motives
Colonialism
- physical occupation of foreign territories

Question 4

How is the state exported?

Answer 4

New and artificial borders

Bureaucratic structures-
National language, often the imperial power
police and military
taxation
legal systems
public goods roads, schools, and hospitals

consequences have been mixed

Question 5

What are the challenges to capacity in exporting of the state?

Answer 5

• absence of professional bureaucracy (Imperial vacuum)

- Clientelism, rent seeking and corruption

Question 6

What are the challenges to autonomy in state building?

Answer 6

• patrimonialism-
• State captured and exploited
• kleptocracy

International pressures
-More powerful state and international actor shape states political decisions

Question 7

Marx vs Weber

How to think about the state

Answer 7

Marx
executive committee of the powerful
-imposes domination

Weber

• Autonomous institution
• Struggles over monopoly of coercion

Question 8

Political structures of early Latin America

Answer 8

After arrival of spanish
1519- council of the indies(Consejo de indias) highest legal power located in spain

1511- Audiencias (carribean) -for judges who hold executive and legislative powers

1535- Viceroyalties (Virreinatos) and captaincies (captinias)

Question 9

Socioeconomic structures of Latin America

Encomiendas

Answer 9

-feudal system of control
-Encomenderos- lord that colonizers grant Land to to take care of people and Land
➡️ simulated to Spanish culture and religion
-large land holdings and large numbers of people controlled by Encomenderos to work plantations
start of stratification of society

Question 10

Socioeconomic structures of Latin America

Merchantilism

Answer 10

• protectionist system(colonies enrich mother country, opposite of free trade)
• Quinto tax collected by central administration

Restrictions on trade by crown to other countries

Question 11

Socioeconomic structures of Latin America

4Main groups

Answer 11

Natives
Whites (European and American born)
Castas Mestizos (mixed)
Blacks (slavery from Africa in some areas 17C)

Question 12

Socioeconomic structures of Latin America Cross cutting cleavages

Answer 12

Criollos (Born in the Americas) vs.

Peninsulares (Born in Spain or Portugal)

Question 13

Explain each of the main areas of policy change from the bourbon reforms

Answer 13

Religious

• expulsion of Jesuits (1767) from new world
• Crown no longer lives on religious authorities in territories

Military

• stronger forces
• “Fueros”-special rights given to military example right on property and special court
• small militias grew
• expanded military by crown and efficient fighting forces

Administrative

• Intendencias
• New viceroyalties
• more direct supervision

Economic
-mining and trade
-merchantilism ended 
-taxes increased in colonies 
1778 to 1796 valley of exports increased four times

Question 14

What are some of the results of the bourbon reforms

Answer 14

• increased revenues and tighter central control
• increased resentment of peninsulares by criolles

Some criolles start to call for independence(During time of American revolution)
French Revolution and Napoleon led to the collapse of Spanish rule

Question 15

What was happening during the collapse of Spanish rule?

Answer 15

• Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808
• Charles Iv abdicates in favor of Son Ferdinand VII
• juntas take power
• Civil wars of independence until early 1820s

Question 16

What were the challenges new republic’s faced as they gained independence in Latin America

Answer 16

Central control vs regional autonomy

Federal versus unitary system

Principal focus of power example executive legislative or military

Role of the church(conservatives favoured the church)

Conservatives favoured more central control
Liberals favourite local control

Presidential or parliamentary system

Question 17

What were the fundamental structural problems for new republic’s?

Answer 17

1) weak political institutions after independence: Limited wars limited states?
No coercive monopolies of force

2) remember Weber and sources of legitimacy(traditional charismatic etc.)
- no longer traditional, not always institutional, personal charismatic came to dominate

Question 18

Who are Caudillos (Caudilhos)? Give some characteristics

Answer 18

• personal charisma (Authoritarian rule)
• populist style
• intimidation
• client patron relationships

Question 19

What is the relative deprivation model?

Answer 19

Revolutions are less the function of specific conditions then of the gap between actual conditions and public expectations
-example Iranian revolution 1979 Iran experience rapid modernization in decades before the revolution, it’s progress only increase people‘s expectations for greater freedom and equality especially among young adults

Question 20

What is a Guerrilla War?

Answer 20

• non-state combatants
• largely accept traditional rules of war
• target state not civilians

Question 21

What is Nihilism?

Answer 21

Belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless and that the only redeeming value a person can embrace is violence

Question 22

What is the difference between import substitution and export oriented industrialization

Answer 22

Import substitution countries restrict imports, raising tariffs or nontariff barriers to spur demand for local alternatives. Feel demand new business is built the state funds creating subsidized or Paris Stadel industries

Export oriented industrialization countries sought out technologies and develop industries that focus specifically on export capitalizing on what is known as the product life cycle

Question 23

What is the middle income trap

Answer 23

Situation where countries experience economic growth but are in unable to develop at speed necessary to catch up with developed countries

Question 24

Summarize crenshaw’s “ The causes of terrorism”

Answer 24

Focusses on individual motivations that lead people to resort to terrorist acts other than a result of institutional factors such as authoritarianism or poverty

• certain structural preconditions can foster terrorism but they are not enough to explain its user growth
• looks at the role of a minority or elite group their grievances and perceived lack of alternatives and the internal culture they foster

Question 25

Summarize the Abrahms article “ what terrorists really want”

Answer 25

Builds on Crenshaw’s work to suggest individual factors are key

• marginalized individuals are drawn to terrorist groups because of the social bonds they provide, not because of the cause. Goes against the common conception of terrorist as people so committed to a cause or idea they can justify killing civilians and often themselves
• like revolution, the very act of political rebellion can be a powerful Source of solidarity, even if the vision of changes far from clear

Question 26

Summarize key points in Miguel Angel Centeno’s

“ blood and debt war and taxation in 19 century Latin America”

Answer 26

• Limited states, Limited wars
• rarity of interstate war )international war in Latin America
• As a result, there was not a great need to construct a strong sense of nationalism nor was it necessary to develop state institutions to manage taxation and the conduct of war. Taxation was really not necessary because at the time of their development international financial markets had developed to a degree that they could more easily be tapped by governments.
• Nationalism could not be built on difference with one’s neighbors, for they were little different. In fact, there were greater divisions within the new states on class and ethnic lines than existed across borders.
• ; when Latin American states mobilize their military, it’s usually against their own citizens. As Centeno puts it, “the enemy of ‘La Patria’ was perceived not as the nation next door, but as those in the population who threatened the social and economic status quo.” Often, these enemies have been indigenous people, or especially during the Cold War, communists, and other leftists.