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Psychology > Final Exam Part 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

drugs and other physical interventions, that target the biological processes underlying the disorders. Goal: Reduce symptoms.

A

Biomedical therapy:

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2
Q

talk therapy. Working with a therapist to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life.

A

Psychotherapy:

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3
Q

type of psychotherapy. Aimed to increase patient awareness of self and the environment.

A

Insight therapies

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4
Q

type therapy that focuses on behavioral changes

A

Behavior therapies:

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5
Q

two or more therapies. Multiple theories and approaches to tailor treatment for the client.

A

Eclectic approach to therapy

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6
Q

making decisions about treatment, that integrate valuable research findings, clinical expertise, and knowledge about a patient’s culture and preferences.

A

Evidence-based practice:

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7
Q

obvious part of the dream, true part of the dream. Overt material of the dream

A

Manifest content

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8
Q

the symbolic meaning of the unconscious.

A

Latent content

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9
Q

therapy technique where a patient says anything that comes to mind.

A

Free association

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10
Q

a patient’s unwillingness to cooperate in therapy. It’s a sign of unconscious conflict.

A

Resistance

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11
Q

type of resistance; when a patient reacts to a therapist, as if dealing with parents or authority figures of childhood.

A

Transference

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12
Q

our inferences about our unconscious conflicts based on his techniques used to explore the unconscious

A

Interpretation

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13
Q

based on case studies. Lots of things don’t hold up.

A

appraisal of psychoanalysis

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14
Q

Insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humans.

A

Humanistic Therapy

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15
Q

Carl Rogers (client centered therapy)

A

Person-centered therapy

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16
Q

best way to have a therapeutic bond with their patient.

A

Appraisal of Humanistic therapy

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17
Q

use the elements of learning. (Classical. Operant, observational)

A

BEHAVIOR THERAPIES

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18
Q

brings a person in contact with a feared object or situation, while in a safe environment. Goal: eliminate the response.

A

Exposure

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19
Q

exposing the client with the feared stimuli and not let them escape

A

Flooding

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20
Q

Exposure therapy in gradual doses. Least to most fear provoking situations.

A

Anxiety hierarchy

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21
Q
  1. Client learns relaxation techniques.
  2. Creates a fear hierarchy/list…least frightening situation with the object to most frightening.
  3. Starting with the least fearful item guides relaxation for each step (either visualizing or in vivo)
A

Systematic-desensitization

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22
Q

Uses the principles to classical conditioning to link probable behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions

A

Aversion therapy

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23
Q

trying to change or modify someone’s behavior. Behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment (time out’s, screaming)

A

Behavior modification

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24
Q

objects known as tokens can be traded for candies, treats, and privileges. Harnessing power of reinforcement

A

Token economy therapy

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25
Q

it works, but not for depression, but it’s good for phobias, and eating disorders.

A

appraisal of behavior therapy

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26
Q

aimed at addressing maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings.

A

COGNITIVE THERAPIES

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27
Q

believe that patterns of automatic thoughts, lie at the roots of psychological disorders. Lead to disturbances.

A

Beck’s cognitive therapy

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28
Q

coming to a conclusion without evidence to support it

A

Arbitrary inference

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29
Q

ignoring information and assuming something has happened based on details taken out of context

A

Selective abstraction

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30
Q

belief that something may always occur because it has occurred before

A

Overgeneralization

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31
Q

belief that something is more or less critical than it really is

A

Magnification/minimization

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32
Q

viewing experiences in extremes

A

Dichotomous thinking

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33
Q

taking other people’s behaviors too personally

A

Personalizing

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34
Q

identifies an illogical thought, and attempts to convert them into rational ones. (ABC’s)

Activation event
Irrational Beliefs
Emotional Consequences
Disputing flawed beliefs
Effective new philosophy
A

Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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35
Q

both very similar, good, cause they’re both helping the patient recognize that their thinking isn’t that correct. But they have lots of homework.

A

Appraisal of cognitive therapy

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36
Q

increase neurotransmitters by inhibiting an enzyme, monoamine oxidase (breaks down them in the synapse). (Nardil)

A

MAO inhibitors

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37
Q

increases serotonin and nor-epinephrine by interfering with reuptake. (Elavil)

A

Tricyclics

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38
Q

interfere with reuptake (Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft). They are prescribed the most because they generally have fewer side effects.

A

Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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39
Q

anti manic drugs. Medication and minimise the lows of depression and the high of mania.

A

Mood stabilizing drugs

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40
Q

used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations.

A

Antipsychotic drugs: (schizophrenia)

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41
Q

medication used in treating the symptoms of anxiety

A

Anti-anxiety drugs

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42
Q

biomedical therapy when depressive meds don’t work. Last resort. Induces seizures in the brain using electro shock therapy. Anterograde, and retrograde amnesia.

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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43
Q

biomedical therapy , involves the destruction of some portions of the brain, or connections between different areas of the brain

A

Neurosurgery

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44
Q

behaviors that run counter to what’s in one’s best interest. Interferes with normal functioning

A

Maladaptive behaviors

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45
Q

degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and functioning.

A

Dysfunction

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46
Q

Degree to which behavior or emotion can cause an individual discomfort.

A

Distress:

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47
Q

degree to which behavior is considered outside the rules of society.

A

Deviance

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48
Q

helps mental health professionals make diagnostics based on evidence

A

DSM-V

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49
Q

Axis I: clinical disorder (includes disorders first diagnosed before reaching adulthood; anxiety disorders; mood disorders; dissociative disorders; schizophrenia; substance abuse; etc.)
Axis II: personality disorders and intellectual disabilities and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention (relationship problems, bereavement, academic problems).
Axis III: general medical condition.
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems (poverty, neglect, unemployment).
Axis V: global assessment of functioning (scale of 1-100) 100 = severe threat to self or others 1 = no worries.

A

Garver multiaxial system (DSM-5)

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50
Q

50% of the population will probably be able to be diagnosed with a disorder.

A

ABNORMAL, BUT NOT UNCOMMON

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51
Q

occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time

A

Comorbidity

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52
Q

the medical model: psy disorders can be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured. Causes: biological in nature, caused by organic or internal causes, brain, neurotransmitter, or genetic issues.

A

biology

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53
Q

psychological factors: cognitive, learning, or personality characteristics, contribute to the development and maintenance of disorders

A

mind

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54
Q

socio cultural factors: social factors, poverty, community support systems, can play a role in development and course of disorders

A

environment

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55
Q

psy disorders result from an interaction between biological, social, and psychological.

A

biopsychosocial perspective

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56
Q

a group of psy disorders associated with extreme anxiety, or debilitating irrational fears

A

ANXIETY DISORDERS:

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57
Q

sudden extreme fear or discomfort, that escalates quickly with no obvious trigger, mimics a heart attack

A

Panic attack

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58
Q

psy disorder that includes recurrent unexpected panic attacks, and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior

A

Panic disorder

59
Q

40% heritability. Women are two times as lightly to have one rather than men.

A

Genetics, gender, and panic disorder

60
Q

learn by associating (go to the mall, have a panic attack, mall becomes a fearful place)

A

Classical conditioning

61
Q

psy disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation.

A

Specific Phobia

62
Q

includes all three. Classic, observational, operant

A

Learning and specific phobias

63
Q

evolutionary. Biologically prepared to be afraid of certain things, and react quickly.

A

Biology, culture, and specific phobias

64
Q

extreme fear of situations; public settings, public transportation, open spaces.

A

Agoraphobia

65
Q

intense fear of social situations and scrutiny of others. Public speaking.

A

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

66
Q

psy disorder, characteristized by a lot of worry and anxiety, can’t identify a cause usually. Generally feel anxious for at least 6 months, more days than not.

A

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

67
Q

psy disorder, characterized by obsession and complications that are time consuming and cause distress

A

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

68
Q

THE BIOLOGY OF OCD

A

Neurotransmitter; serotonin

69
Q

operant conditioning and negative reinforcement

A

THE ROLE OF LEARNING

70
Q

Immediate stress reaction

Immediate stress reaction lasts after one month

A

Acute Stress Disorder

71
Q

Both reactions to exposure to significant and traumatic stressors

A

PTSD

72
Q

Psy disorder that includes one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as, lost of energy, depressed mood, problems with sleep. Also known as unipolar depression

A

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

73
Q

More chronic, fewer symptoms. Lower grade depression, but lasts for much longer.

A

Dysthymic Disorder

74
Q

Recurrent depression during the wintery months, but gets better during the bright summer seasons

A

Seasonal affective disorder

75
Q

more serious one. One manic episode, substantial distress, and grave impairment. Must have major depressive episode as well. May include hallucinations. .8% of the time this one is diagnosed

A

Bipolar 1

76
Q

Must have major depressive episode as well. hypomanic episodes; same symptoms, but don’t usually impair one’s functions. 1.1% of the time

A

Bipolar 2

77
Q

mild disorder. Mood swings between short periods of mild depression, and manic episodes

A

Cyclothymic Disorder

78
Q

identical twins; 40-70%, non identical twins; 5%. Higher incidents of bipolar disorder in high income, high stress areas

A

Who gets bipolar disorder? Genetic component

79
Q

disabling psychological disorder that can include delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speaking, and abnormal motor behaviors. Continuous thing for 6 six months, and symptoms aren’t from substance abuse or other medical conditions.

A

Schizophrenia

80
Q

lost of contact with or a break from reality that is severe and chronic

A

Psychosis

81
Q

strange or false belief that a person firmly maintains, even when presented with the contrary

A

Delusions

82
Q

perception like experiences, that an individual believes are real, but aren’t evident to others

A

Hallucinations

83
Q

Positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, abnormal motor behavior)

A

in addition too

84
Q

Negative symptoms (decreased emotional expression/flat affect, lack of motivation, decreased speech production, reduced pleasure, lack of interest in being social)

A

Lacking, should be there, but aren’t.

85
Q

people with little dopamine have parkinson’s, people with too much, have schizophrenia

A

Dopamine hypothesis

86
Q

disorder of development. Child starts off as normal development at about 2 years. It either tops, or goes backwards. Persistent deficits in social communication, and social interaction. Restricted, repetitive behavior or interest in other activities.

A

AUTISM Spectrum Disorder

87
Q

difficulties in school, social actions. Have normal or above normal intelligence.

A

Asperger’s (light Autism)

88
Q

No verbal skills, and self injuries

A

Severe AUTISM

89
Q

Unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, disregard of others, and lack of remorse. (Male usually)

A

Antisocial personality disorder

90
Q

feelings of incomplete sense of self, extreme self criticism, unstable emotions, feelings of emptiness. (75% females). Childhood trauma, temperament, overprotective parents.

A

Borderline personality disorder:

91
Q

Psy disorders, including problems with memory, motor control, identity, consciousness, perception

A

Dissociative disorders

92
Q

difficulty remembering important person information, and life events. Brought on by a stressful event, not injury

A

Dissociative amnesia

93
Q

wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner. Travel may be part of the case.

A

Dissociative fugue

94
Q

multiple personality disorder

A

Dissociative identity disorder

95
Q

self starvation. Seeing significant weight loss, refusing to eat minimum calorie intake. Intense fear of being overweight. False view of body image. Mainly female. If it’s a male, it’s usually sports related. Highest death rate 50% medical complications. 20% is suicide.

A

Anorexia nervosa

96
Q

extreme overeating, then purging (extreme exercise, vomiting, laxatives). Signs: Ulcers in throat, rotting teeth, bad breath, electrolytes out of whack)

A

Bulimia nervosa

97
Q

episodes of extreme overeating, eating more than most people would in the same amount of time and under similar circumstances. Eating feels out of control.

A

Binge-eating disorder

98
Q

the unique set of characteristics that influences the way one thinks, acts and feels. Consistent and enduring throughout the lifespan

A

PERSONALITY

99
Q

distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors, observed early in infancy. Precursor to personality

A

Temperament

100
Q

Personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts and desires. It’s influenced by early childhood experiences

A

Psychoanalytic

101
Q

Personality is shaped by interacts with the environment, especially through learning. Classical/operant conditioning, and observational learning

A

Behavioral

102
Q

(the third force) innately good and control our destinies. We are moving towards growth and actualization

A

Humanistic

103
Q

social influences and mental processes affect our personality. emphasis is on Environment, cognition, and behavior

A

Social-cognitive

104
Q

emphasis the physiological and genetic influences on personality

A

biological

105
Q

drives and motivates us. Things we’re not aware of. Majority of who we are. Below our level of awareness. Level of consciousness that’s outside of our awareness, that’s difficult to access without therapy

A

Unconscious

106
Q

information that’s easily recalled when needed. Mental activities, outside our current awareness, which can be brought easily to our attention

A

Preconscious

107
Q

everything we are consciously aware of at this moment and can talk about

A

Conscious

108
Q

most primitive structure of the mind. Completely unconscious. Party animal. Basic biological drive; hunger, thirst, sex, self-preservation. Present at birth.

A

The ID

109
Q

manipulate situations, plan for the future, solve problems, and make decisions.

A

The Ego

110
Q

Saint inside. Guides behavior to follow rules of society, parents, authority figures. Fully developed between five and six years old

A

The Superego

111
Q

distortions of the real world, without one’s awareness, to reduce anxiety, created by the conflict of the ID, Ego, and superego

A

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

112
Q

redirecting unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets

A

Sublimation

113
Q

unconsciously modeling our feelings onto someone we admire

A

Identification

114
Q

shifting negative feelings to an acceptable target.

A

Displacement

115
Q

anxiety producing information is pushed into the unconscious

A

Repression

116
Q

creating an acceptable excuse for an uncomfortable situation

A

Rationalization

117
Q

attributing your own anxiety provoking thoughts on someone else

A

Projection

118
Q

refusing to recognize a distressing reality

A

Denial

119
Q

Falling back on childlike patterns during stressful times

A

Regression

120
Q

stages of development from birth to adulthood, each of which has an Erogenous zone and a conflict that must be dealt with

A

Psychosexual stages

121
Q

birth to one and a half years. Ezone: Mouth. Conflict: weaning. Fixation: smoking, nail biting, drinking, excessive talking

A

The Oral Stage

122
Q

one and half to 3 years old. Ezone: anus. Conflict: potty training. Fixation: anal retentive: rule bound, cleanliness. Anal expulsive: dirty.

A

The Anal Stage

123
Q

3-6. Ezone: privates. Conflicts: autoerotisimes. Fixation: mastrbation. Promiscuous.

A

The Phallic Stage

124
Q

we take a sexual timeout. 6-puberty. Ezone: none. Children develop mentally socially, and physically

A

Latency Period

125
Q

Puberty+ Ezone: privates. Conflict: sexuality and aggression. Fixation: none.

A

Genital Stage

126
Q

people that were going up against freud who thought he was too creepy.

A

THE NEO-FREUDIANS

127
Q

(trust vs mistrust fella) 8 stages

A

Erik Erikson

128
Q

Personality came about by overcoming inferiority. Individual psychology: struggle to overcome feelings of inferiority. Begin to overcome feelings early

A

Alfred Adler

129
Q

driven by psychological energy, not sexual energy. Personality is made up of ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung

130
Q

Driven by the social environment, specially the family. Bad parenting can cause anxiety. Hated penis envy. Women can feel envious of the status that men have in the world. Men can feel envious of women for being able to carry children

A

Karen Horney

131
Q

Hierarchy of needs: self actualization and self transcendence

A

Maslow and personality

132
Q

Self-concept (real self): knowledge an individual has about your own strength, abilities , behavior and temperament

ideal self: what a person strives to be

A

Rogers and personality: all trying to be the best we can be.

133
Q

Locus of Control: pattern of generalized beliefs about where control or responsibility for outcomes reside.

Internal: cause of life events within yourself
External: cause of life events reside outside a person

A

Rotter and personality

134
Q

observational learning

    	Social-cognitive perspective: personality results from pattern of thinking as well as relationships and other environmental factors. 

    	Self-efficacy: “little engine that could” believes about our abilities to reach our goals.
A

Bandura and personality

135
Q

High: Unconforming, creative, and imaginative. Low: conforming, uncreative, practical.

A

Openness to experiences

136
Q

high: reliable, ambitious, punctual. Low: unreliable, lazy, but spontaneous.

A

Conscientiousness

137
Q

high: sociable, talkative, and affectionate. Low: loner, quiet, and reserved.

A

Extraversion

138
Q

High: good natured, trusting, helpful. Low: rude, uncooperative, and critical.

A

Agreeableness

139
Q

emotional stability. High: emotional, temperamental, and worried. Low: calm, even tempered, and secure

A

Neuroticism

140
Q

is it repeatable, and outcomes consistent

A

Reliability

141
Q

a test that measures what it intends to measure

A

Validity

142
Q

are assessments that present stimuli without a specific meaning to the test takers, whose responses can be interpreted to uncovered underlying personality characteristics. Clients project their unconscious meaning onto the test. It’s subjective because the score is interpreting the results

The Rorschach Inkblots: 10 cards. Highly difficult to score, low interrater reliability. Not sure if it’s valid.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): giving a set of pictures, and the test taker is told to tell as story from the picture. Before and after the picture

A

Projective personality tests

143
Q

assessments, made of a standard set of questions with answers of true/false, or multiple choice. Called objective b/c Assessed in a standardized way, and they give a short measurable answer. Made to answer certain questions.

The MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2: most commonly used. design to help clinicians diagnose mental issues. Hiring tools for employers. Over 338 t/f question. Some are repeating.

16PF: 16 personality factor questionnaire. Created by catell.

Myers-Briggs: poor test, re-test reliabilty. Doesn’t really measure success or preidiction of success. Valitidy pretty low.

A

Objective personality tests

Psychology (13 decks)

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