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Physiology & Pharmacology > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with damage

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2
Q

What factors can affect someone’s pain?

A

Medication, past experience, movement, gratitude and surroundings

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3
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

Pain

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4
Q

Describe the location of pain receptors in human body?

A

External and internal

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5
Q

What different causes of tissue damage result in pain?

A

Burns, ischaemia, infection and inflammation

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6
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A

Acute and chronic

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7
Q

What is the pain pathway?

A

1) Pain stimulus
2) Nociceptor
3) Transmission to spinal cord via sensory neurones
4) spinal cord processing
5) transmission of pain via ascending tracts in spinal cord to brain
6) processing of pain info in the brain

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8
Q

What are the 2 stimulus for pain?

A

Physical or chemical

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9
Q

Give an example of a physical stimuli?

A

Burn

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of nociceptor?

A

1) High threshold mechanical receptors

2) polymodal nociceptors

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11
Q

Which nociceptor responds to intense mechanical stimulation?

A

High threshold mechanical receptor

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12
Q

What are the four basic processes of pain?

A

1) transduction
2) transmission
3) perception
4) modulation

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13
Q

Mast cells release what when in pain?

A

Histamines

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14
Q

The release of histamines, stimulate the release of what neurochemicals?

A

Substance P

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15
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

A shortage of blood

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16
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen

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17
Q

Why does ischaemia and hypoxia cause pain?

A

Blood flow interruption leads to a mass of pain stimulating chemicals

18
Q

What are the two types of afferent or sensory neurones which conduct the pain impulses to the spinal cord?

A

A delta fibres and c fibres

19
Q

Describe the A delta (first pain) fibre?

A

An early, localised, intense pain which also mediates the sensation of itching

20
Q

Describe a C fibre? (Second pain)

A

A slow conducting fibre, a late, poorly localised, long lasting, dull pain

21
Q

What does the transmission process consist of?

A

The pain is transmitted:

1) site of transduction > nociceptor fibres > dorsal horn in spinal cord
2) spinal cord > brain stem
3) connections between thalamus > cortex and higher levels of the brain

22
Q

Why do A delta fibres transmit pain impulses more quickly than C fibres?

A

They send impulses faster

23
Q

The grey matter in the spinal cord is organised into a number of layers of?

A

Laminae (thin layers)

24
Q

The spinal cord consists of what colour matters?

A

Grey - cells and primary afferent from the periphery

White - ascending and descending fibres

25
Q

Layer 1 of the dorsal horn is called “Lamina I”. Layer 2 is called?

A

Lamina II

26
Q

What is Central sensitisation?

A

Neurones in the spinal cord become more sensitive

27
Q

What is the most important spinal cord pathway for signalling pain stimuli?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract pathway

28
Q

What is the first neurones involved in the spinothalamic tract? (Pathway from skin to the thalamus)

A

A or C fibres (Skin)

29
Q

The end result of neuronal activity is?

A

The perception of pain

30
Q

What is reticular formation ?

A

Network of pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. Maintaining consciousness

31
Q

What autonomic responses can be observed when someone is suffering pain?

A

Fight or flight, muscles tighten, breathing rapid/shallow, HR increase, BP increase, cold and clammy, pupils dilate

32
Q

What does the anterior cingulate cortex do in the brain in relation to pain?

A

Integrates information about pain perception and can remember how it happened to avoid in the future

33
Q

What are the 3 perceptions of pain?

A

1) sensory
2) motivational
3) cognitive

34
Q

What is the descending modulatory pain pathway (DMPP)?

A

The multiple, complex pathways involved in the modulation of pain

35
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Can’t feel pain

36
Q

Name some inhibition neurotransmitters involve with the modulation of pain?

A

Serotonin, GABA, noradrenalin, neurotensin and endogenous opioids (endorphins)

37
Q

Which type of stimuli would you associate with pain from all types of tissue damage?

A

Chemical

38
Q

High threshold mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Intense mechanical stimulation

39
Q

In response to a pain stimulus, mast cells secrete?

A

Histamine

40
Q

The ‘neurochemical soup’ which occurs as a result of painful stimuli activates the nociceptor, causing the opening of?

A

Sodium channels

41
Q

First pain is associated with high threshold mechanoreceptors and A delta fibres. This type of pain is often described as?

A

Sharp

Physiology & Pharmacology (30 decks)

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