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U0 Philosophy 237 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some characteristics we are expecting from ethical theories and ethical arguments

A

consistency, the use of correct principles, the correct application of principles

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2
Q

what is consistency

A

“we should treat to creatures the same unless they are relatively different, different in ways that justify treating them differently

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3
Q

what can consistency be used for

A

to criticize or defend a theory/argument

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4
Q

what is the use of correct principes

A

‘it is not enough to be constant. We must also employ the appropriate guidelines, principles, standards, or make the appropriate judgments’

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5
Q

what is the correct application of principles

A

applying to correct principles

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6
Q

what are the 2 theses of arguments

A

moral subjectivism and moral relativism

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7
Q

what is moral subjectivism

A

Makes ethical judgment depends on the approval or disapproval of the person making the judgment

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8
Q

what is wrong with moral subjectivism

A

argument is pointless, no position is better or stronger

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9
Q

what is moral relativism

A

the idea that ethics is relative to the society one happens to live in; says that moral veiws depend on society

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10
Q

what is wrong with moral relativism

A

argument is pointless, cannot account for the non-conformist

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11
Q

what are obligatory actions

A

These are actions we ought, morally, to do; they are morally required and not optional

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12
Q

what are supererogatory actions

A

These are actions that are good, but not obligatory;

going into a fire to save someone is good but no one expects you to do it

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13
Q

what is neutral actions

A

nether good or bad

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14
Q

what is suberogatory actions

A

these are actions theatre bad, but not forbidden; e.g., not giving your seat in the subway; the principle is that you hace arrived first do you have the right to sit, but if the elderly arrives you should give your seat but if you dont it isnt forbidden, but it is a wrong action still

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15
Q

what are permissible actions

A

all except for forbidden actions

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16
Q

what are forbidden actions

A

these are wrong; these are actions that one is morally required not to do

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17
Q

what is intrinsic values

A

pursuing something for itself nd nothing else

pursuing happiness just to pursue happiness is an example

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18
Q

what is instrumental values

A

to pursue something in order to gain something else

Money is an example; you pursue money in order to do something else

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19
Q

is knowledge intrinsic or instrumental

A

some actions are both; knowledge is an example— some pursue it instrumentally in order to get better job, others pursue knowledge just to have knowledge

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20
Q

who was bentham

A

was ahead of his time (views and smartness)
defended homosexuality and animal rights
philosopher and architect

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21
Q

what did bentham want to do

A

Wanted to reform the prison system

many countries use his model in modern day

22
Q

what is bentham known for

A

known for his ethics; Utilitarianism

23
Q

what is Utilitarianism based on

A

based on a value theory; Hedonism

24
Q

what is Hedonism

A

says that there is just one intrinsic good (pleasure/happiness)

25
Q

what is the basis of utilitarianism

A

says that an action is right when it increases the good, which is in this case pleasure, for the greatest number of people

26
Q

how are good and right intertwined

A

we are in a way deriving what is right and what is good, right is derived from what is good, so “right” is actually secondary

27
Q

why is it right to give to charity?

A

consequence of action increases happiness/pleasure

28
Q

why is lying wrong?

A

Creates pain/sadness— when you find out I lied you will be in pain and will be sad. But if lying promotes happiness, it would not be a wrong action

29
Q

what is the prof of utilitarianism

A

no proof of benefit of utility (says Bentham)
say we just always use it, when we evaluate other people we use it
it just cannot be proved

30
Q

what did mill do

A

tried to prove the principle of utility

31
Q

only thing that matters when we evaluate an action is what

A

the act itself, not the motive
even if the motive is selfish, it doesn’t matter for utilitarianism, it just matters weather the action itself was good or bad

32
Q

what does mill argue

A

the motive of the actions matters not when we evaluate the actions but when we evaluate the agent

33
Q

who proposes a way to measure the actions

A

bentham

34
Q

how does bentham say we measure the action

A

3 steps

35
Q

what are the 3 steps

A
  1. evaluate the immediate consequence of the actions (if helping friend(s), mist consider if this causes pleasure or pain to friend immediately)
  2. Propensity; purity
  3. If other people are impacted by your pleasure
36
Q

what is involved in evaluate the immediate consequence of the actions (if helping friend(s), mist consider if this causes pleasure or pain to friend immediately)

A

intensity
duration
certainty/uncertainty
perpiquinty (closeness)/remoteness (this matters because the closer it is in time, the closer your pleasure is, the more chance you have to get pleasure in the future)

37
Q

is bantams evaluation qualitative or quantitative

A

quantitative

38
Q

what is Propensity; purity

A

maybe you are happy and it makes you happy for the rest of your day
chances that it may cause pain?
eating a cake may feel bad/pain even though you enjoyed it to begin with…. so it is not a pure pleasure

39
Q

what does mill say about evaluating the actions

A

Mill says we should use shortcuts because Bentham’s is just so long
secondary principles; don’t kill someone, thats wrong (this was said in passing don’t worry too much)

40
Q

what do both bentham and miss agree on in terms of evaluating the actions

A

when evaluating actions, consider the pleasure it will cause to yourself and others

41
Q

does utilitarianism considered everyones pleasure different

A

Utilitarianism considers everyones pleasure equal
if you had a choice between helping friend and 2 strangers, you should help 2 strangers because it generates more happiness in the world
this is criticized because it cannot account for relationships and duties that we have; seems also that utilitarianism are too demanding— says that my pleasure is not more important thank yours
if I have to decide between buying new shoes or giving to charity, charity is the right thing to do

42
Q

who was mill

A

student of bentham

43
Q

what is the criticism of utilitarianism

A

Utilitarianism is a “swine mortality”

44
Q

what is “swine mortality”

A

the idea that the end of the life of a pig is to pursue pleasure and similarly utilitarianism says that the end of a human’s life is just to pursue pleasure
people say that people should hope to pursue more than just pleasure

45
Q

how did mill respond to the criticism

A

Mill response to criticism; distinguishes between different types of pleasure

46
Q

what are the different types of pleasure

A

body and mental

47
Q

what should we pursue, bodily or mental pleasures

A

mental and bodily pleasures; our end goal is mental pleasures and in the duration we have bodily pleasures— claim is that mental pleasures are greater in quantity (this is a quantitative measure) if you say they are greater in quality, obviously you should pursue them because it will give most amount of pleasure

48
Q

how does milll suggest we pursue mental pleasures

A
  1. greater permanence of mental pleasure
  2. Costliness of pleasure;
  3. mental pleasures are safer;
49
Q

what is greater permanence of mental pleasure

A

(the duration of it), suggests that mental pleasures have greater length (reading and music can be done for hours) and opposed to that, bodily pleasure are less important (eat a cake give pleasure for 5-10 minutes as you eat, but later feel not pleasure)

50
Q

what is Costliness of pleasure

A

mental pleasures are not costly (pleasure from music and reading is not costly, will not be any pain after reading of listening to music), but fi you eat a cake for an hour you will feel in pain after that. Bodily pleasures are more costly.

51
Q

what is mental pleasures are safer

A

has to do with fact that mental pleasures are associated with knowledge, knowledge is peaceful but bodily pleasure are associated with money and stuff so people will fight for it and cause harm (prof isn’t too sure what is meant by this actually)

52
Q

does mill agree with bentham that there is just a quantitative evaluation/distinction

A

Mill is actually rejecting this view and says that there is actually a qualitative distinction between bodily and mental pleasures; continued on next lecture

U0 Philosophy 237 (8 decks)

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