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USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards > UWorld Mock Blocks 1/17-1/20 > Flashcards

UWorld Mock Blocks 1/17-1/20 Flashcards

1
Q

Radiation causing cell death

A

Double strand breakage (single strand breaks would be repaired by polymerase)

Free radical formation

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2
Q

Green color of sputum

A

Neutrophil myeloperoxidase

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3
Q

Chronic transplant rejection

A

Fibrotic destruction of small airways (lung)

w/in 5 years of transplant

Dyspnea + dry cough. Drop in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

Causes bronchiolitis oblierans - obstructive lung disease in small bronchiole

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4
Q

Acute rejection

A

w/in first 6 months

perivascular and interstitial mononuclear infiltrates

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5
Q

Ischemia-reperfusion injury

A

Pulmonary edema w/in the first few days of transplant.

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6
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis

A

Cancer - hyper coagulability is a paraneoplastic syndrome of visceral adenocarcinomas of pancreas, colon, and lung.

Trousseau syndrome - migratory thrombophlebitis

Trousseau sign - hand/forearm muscle spasm in hypocalcemia

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7
Q

Osler-weber-rendu syndrome

A

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Skin and mucosal telangiectasis and recurrent severe nosebleeds.

Autosomal dominant inheritance of congenital skin and mucous membrane telangiectasia

Rupture of telangiectasia: G.I. bleeding, epistaxis, hematuria

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8
Q

Sturge-weber strauss

A

Cutaneous facial angiomas and leptomeningeal angiomas

Mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, skill radio opacities.

Tram track calcifications in the skull

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9
Q

Selective IgA deficiency

A

Recurrent sinopulmonary and GI infections.

Severe deficiency - anaphylaxis during transfusion

Concomitant autoimmunity (e.g. celiac) is common

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10
Q

Meglitinides/sulfonylureas

A

e.g. repaglinide

MOA: increase insulin secretion by inhibiting beta-cell Katp channel

Given with meals to reduce postprandial glucose excusrions

SE’s: Hypoglycemia, weight gain

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11
Q

Biguanides

A

Metformin

Stimulates AMPK, decreases glucose production and insulin resistance

SE: Lactic acidosis

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12
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone

Activates transcription regulator PPAR-y, decreases insulin resistance

SE’s: fluid retention, weight gain

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13
Q

GLP-1 agonist

A

Exenatide, liraglutide

Increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, delay gastric emptying

SE: pancreatitis

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14
Q

DPP4 inhibitors

A

Sitagliptin, saxagliptin

Increase endogenous GLP-1

SE: nasopharyngitis

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15
Q

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Acabarose, miglitol

Reduce intestinal disaccharide absorption

Diarrhea and flatulane

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16
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors

A

Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin

Increase renal glucose excretion

UTI, hypotension

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17
Q

Giant cell arteritis

A

Mediated by cell mediated immunity.

Correlated w/ IL-6. Give Il-6 inhibitor tocilizumab for treatment

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18
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Nodules in zona glomerulosa

Findings: hypertension, low renin, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

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19
Q

Dubin-johnson syndrome

A

Bening - defective hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucuronides –> direct hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

Liver appears black due to decreased excretion of epinephrine metabolites

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20
Q

Precursor B-ALL

A

CD10+, cd19+

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21
Q

Erosions

A

Don’t extend through muscular mucosa

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22
Q

Essential fructosuria

A

fructokinase deficiency - benign

Autosomal recessive, asymptomatic

Hexokinase takes over fructose metabolism and converts fructose to fructose-6-phosphate

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23
Q

Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Aldolase B deficiency

Hypoglycemia and vomitting after fructose ingestion.
FTT, liver, and renal failure

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24
Q

Treatment for grave’s dz opthalmopathy

A

Prednisone

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25
Q

Glut-4

A

Only insulin dependent glucose transporter - found only in muscle and adipocytes

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26
Q

Glut-1,2,3,5

A

Insulin independent glucose transporters

Found in brain, intestine, liver, kidney, and RBCs

1 (RBCs and BBB)
2 (hepatocytes, pancreatic beta cells, renal tubules, small intestine)
3 (placental and neuronal glucose transport)
5 (fracture transporter in spermatocytes and GI tract)

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27
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate

A

Used for angina treatment

Low bioavailability due to extensive first pass hepatic metabolism.

Notably, sublingual nitroglycerin is absorbed directly from oral mucosa into venous circulation and has high bioavailability requiring a lower dose.

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28
Q

effect of efferent arteriole constriction

A

Increase GFR and FF

Increases glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure d/t decrease in glomerular blood outflow –> increased GFR

Reduces RPF - increased GFR and reduced RPF –> increased FF

FF=GFR/RPF

More renal plasma flor, FF goes down, less RPF FF increases

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29
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

Caused by concentrated oxygen therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndome

Retinal vessel proliferation and retinal detachment with blindness may occur

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30
Q

Hemolytic anemia lab findings

A

Increase in indirect bilirubin

Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria

Increased serum LDH

Decreased haptoglobin - Haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin to promote uptake. Haptoglobin decreases in intravascular hemolysis when there is free excess hemoglobin

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31
Q

MEN 1

A

ZOLLINGER-Ellison

Primary hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia

Pituitary tumors (prolactinoma, visual defects)

Pancreatic tumors (gatrinoma, zollinger ellison)

Start w/ the 3 P’s - primary HPTH, Pituitary, pancreatic

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32
Q

MEN 2A

A

PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA

Medullary thyroid cancer (calcitonin, also in 2B)

Pheochromocytoma (also in 2B)

Parathyroid hyperplasia

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33
Q

MEN 2B

A

MARFANOID

Medullary thyroid cancer (calcitonin, also in 2A)

Pheochromocytoma (also in 2A)

Mucosal neuromas/marfanoid habitus (differentiates 2B)

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34
Q

Crescent formation in RPGN

A

Fibrin deposition

Crescents consist of: glomerular parietal cells, monocytes, macrophages, and abundant fibrin.

Crescents become sclerotic disrupting glomerular function. Irreversible renal injury.

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35
Q

Lesch- Nyhan

A

HGPRT deficiency –> Defect in purine salvage pathway –> increased demand for de novo purine synthesis –> increased activity of PRPP for de novo purine synthesis

X-linked recessive

Dystonia, self-mutilation, hyperuricemia

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36
Q

Cytokines in granuloma formation

A

IFN-y, IL-12, TNF-alpha

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37
Q

IL-4

A

Stimulates T cell –>TH2

Stimulates B cell growth and isotope switch to IgE

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38
Q

IL-5

A

Promotes growth and differentiation of B cells and eosinophils and stimulates isotope switching to IgA

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39
Q

Leukotriene C4, D4, and E4

A

vasoconstrictor, increase vascular permeability, and cause bronchospasm

(increased in aspirin sensitivity due to decrease in TXA)

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40
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

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41
Q

Primary CNS lymphoma

A

Mostly B-lymphocytes

Late complication of HIV infection

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42
Q

Case control study

A

Compare groups of people w/ disease to those w/o

Odds ratio is measure of association

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43
Q

Mcardle disease

A

Type V

Glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) deficiency (in muscle)

Weakness and fatigue w/ exercise

No rise in blood lactate levels after exercise

Consume simple sugars before exercise

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44
Q

Cori disease

A

Type III

Deficiency of debranching enzymes

Hepatomegaly, ketotic hypoglycemia, hypotonia and weakness

Abnormal glycogen w/ short outer chains

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45
Q

Pompe

A

Type II

Acid-alpha-glucosidase deficiency

Normal glucose levels

severe cardiomegaly

glycogen accumulates in lysosomes

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46
Q

Von Gierke

A

Type I

Glucose-6-phosphatase deficient

Hepatomegaly and statosis, fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia

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47
Q

polymyositis

A

Symmetric proximal muscle weakness. Difficulty climbing stairs, getting up from chair, carrying heavy objects.

Anti-nuclear and anti-jo-1 (anti-histidyl-tRNA) antibodies

Elevated muscle enzymes (CK and aldolase)

Bx: Endomysial inflammatory infiltrate and patchy muscle fiber necrosis

Lacks skin findings of dermatomyositis

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48
Q

Thyroid peroxidase

A

Oxidation of iodide to iodine, iodination of thyroglobulin tyrosine residues, iodotyrosine coupling reaction that forms T3 and T4.

Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase in 90% of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients.

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49
Q

Ventromedical hypothalamic nucleus

A

responsible for satiety - destruction –> hyperphagia and obesity

Grow ventromedially

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50
Q

Lateral hypothalamic nuclease

A

Responsible for hunger - destruction –> anorexia, Shrink laterally

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51
Q

RBF

A

RBF = (PAH clearance) / (1-hematocrit)

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52
Q

Standard deviation in normal distributaion

A

1 SD - 68%
2 SD - 95%
3 SD - 99/7%

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53
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Loud S1, early diastolic HIGH frequency opening snap after S2, low pitched diastolic rumble.

OPENING SNAP of mitral valve opening.

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54
Q

Retinal hemmorrhage

A

hypertension - flame shaped hemmorrhage

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55
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

atherosclerosis, cardioembolic disease, or vasculitis - cherry red spot

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56
Q

Effect of prostaglandins/NSAIDS on glomerulus

A

Prostaglandins vasodilator afferent arteriole –> increase in GFR

Prostaglandins inhibited by NSAIDs –> Afferent constriction and decrease in GFR

Antiotensin II vasoconstrictor afferent arteriole

ACE/ARB’s decrease angiotensin II levels –> vasodilation of efferent arteriole –> decreased GFR (can cause acute renal failure)

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57
Q

Tissue factor

A

Tissue factor (thromboplastin) is found in high levels in placental trophoblast, when the placenta is ruptured it mediates DIC in pregnancy. Most common cause of DIC is placental injury (abruption)

Abruption is most common cause of DIC in pregnancy

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58
Q

PTH

A

Increases bone reabsorption by acting on osteoCLASTS indirectly. Osteoblasts have PTH receptor –> up regulation of RANK-ligand and M-CSF.

Increased bone resorption –> release of Ca and phosphorus from bone.

PTH –> increased serum calcium, decreased serum phosphate (lost in urine)

PTH increases absorption of ca and decreases absorption of P from kidney tubules. As urine phosphate increases, serum CA increases

High levels of calcium downregulate PTH release

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59
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate –> 6-phosphogluconate

A

HMP shunt - deficient in G6PD deficiency

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60
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Strep pyogenes

Rash, grey-white exudates on oropharynx, strawberry tongue

Can result in rheumatic fever

Circumoral pallor

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61
Q

Orchitis

A

Common complication of mumps

Mumps: Fever, malaise, HA’s, and myalgia, followed by parotitis w/in 48 hours

62
Q

Kawasaki

A

fever, rash, strawberry tongue, conjunctival injection

Can result in coronary artery aneurysm

63
Q

Tazobactam

A

beta-lactamasde inhibitor

64
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh (-) mom has been previously sensitized

hemolytic Dz of the newborn - maternal IgG opsonizes fetal erythrocytes and causes hemolysis

(+) direct coombs test

Anemia, jaundice, excess fluid (hydrops fetalis)

extramedullary hematopoiesis

65
Q

Adamts13

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenia purport - primary microangiopathy –> hemolytic enamia and thrombocytopenia

Tx w/ plasma exchange therapy

66
Q

Anesthetic solubility

A

High solubility = large arteriovenous concentration gradient –> slow onset of action

Low solubility = low arteriovenous concentration gradient –> rapid onset of action

67
Q

Mydriasis

A

Caused by alpha-1 stimulation - contraction of pupillary dilator muscle

Phenylephrine - Selective alpha agonist - used to dilate pupil for exam

68
Q

Uterus relaxation

A

beta-2 agonists relax uterus - tocolytic to defer labor

69
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Produces symptoms of cachexia - leads to appetite suppression in hypothalamus and increases BMR

Produces fever in bacterial infections

70
Q

IL-3

A

Stimulates growth and differentiation of myeloid cells

71
Q

TGF-B

A

inhibits inflammatory response, decreases T cell proliferation and cytokine production

72
Q

Interferon-alpha

A

antiviral and anti-tumor activity

73
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve

A

Lattissmus dorsi - extention, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

74
Q

MSH2

A

Mismacth repair gene a/w lynch syndrome –> colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer

75
Q

Clear cell carcinoma

A

originates from proximal renal tubules

76
Q

TGF-B

A

critical for fibroblast migration, proliferation, and CT synthesis.

Excess TGF-B –> hypertrophic/keloid scarring and/or fibrosis of lung, liver, and kidney w/ chronic inflammation

77
Q

TNF-A

A

promotes leukocyte recruitment, induces systemic inflammatory response, regulates apoptosis

78
Q

NF-Kb

A

proinflammtory transcription factor. Regulates cytokine production, adhesion molecule expression, cell survival. Increased activity in cancers and inflammatory disease

79
Q

IL-17

A

recruits neutrophils, stimulates production of antimicrobial peptides. Improves host defense against fungi and bacteria at mucosal surfaces

Dysregulated in autoimmunity

Made by TH17

80
Q

Dandy walker malformation

A

absence of cerebellar vermis, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, posterior fossa enlargement.

Presents w/ developmental delay and skull enlargement in infancy.

81
Q

modafinil

A

Treatment for narcolepsy

82
Q

Wegener’s - granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A

C-ANCA - target neutrophil proteinase 3

Necrotizing vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Nasaul ulcerations, sinusitis, hemoptysis. Causes rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Can look like Good pasture

83
Q

Anti-smith Ab

A

Lupus autoantibody to snRNPs

84
Q

Anti-GBM ab’s

A

Goodpasture

linear deposits of IgG and C3 in the glomerular basement membrane

Attack type 4 collagen

Crescent w/ infiltration of monocytes and macrophages on light microscopy

85
Q

Mebranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Basement membrane splitting on light microscopy

Granular on immunofluoresence

86
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

failure of gut recanalization

87
Q

Failure of neural crest migration

A

Hirschsprung - delayed passage of meconium, abdominal distention, and mills emesis

88
Q

Omphalomesenteric duct

A

Vitelline fistula (failed obliteration of duct)

Meckel diverticulum (partial failure)

89
Q

Intestinal malrotation

A

intestinal obstruction d/t compression by adhesive bands and midgut volvulus

90
Q

Lowest point of PVR

A

functional residual capacity

91
Q

Carcinoid syndrome

A

Formation of valvular fibrous plaques R>L
Forms tricuspid regard or R side HF

Pathogneumonic

Elevated 24 hour urinary 5-HIAA

92
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A

Baseline erythrocyte transketolase activity is low, but increases after addition of thiamine pyrophosphate.

Co-factor for:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate–>acetyl CoA)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (catabolism of branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase - catabolizes branched chain amino acids
Transketolase - enzyme on pentose phosphate pathway

93
Q

Procollagen peptidase

A

Cleave n-terminal pro peptides from pro collagen - defective in EDS

94
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

Micrognathia (small mouth), prominent occiput (big back of head), low set ears, heart defects, renal defects, CLENCHED hands w/ overlapping fingers, limited hip abduction. Fetal growth retardation, hypertonia (clenched hands), ROCKER bottom feet.

95
Q

Patau syndrom

A

trisomy 13

Midline facial defects (cleft lip/palate, holoprosencephaly), MSK abnormalities (polydactyly), g.i. anomalies. NO overlapping fingers.

96
Q

Cri-du-chat syndrome

A

5p deletion

Cat-like cry, hypotonia, FTT, developmental delay. Microcephaly, low set eats, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge.

97
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta and alpha 1 agonist - mostly beta-1

Activates Gs –> increased cAMP –> increased intracellular Ca2+ –> positive inotropy
Also positive chronotropy (increase in HR)

98
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

study subjects change behavior when they know they are being studied

99
Q

Silicosis

A

calcification of the rim of hilarity nodes and birefringent silica particles in fibrous tissue

100
Q

Klinefelter’s

A

Destruction of sertoli and leydig cells - inhibin and testosterone levels are decreased. Lack of feedback inhibition by inhibin and testosterone –> increased FSH and LH.

Most have no sperm

101
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidsm

A 
elevated calcium (increase in renal absorption)
Increased Vit D production --> increased Ca absorption from intestine
Increase in bone resorption

Bone pain, renal stones, G.I. disturbance, psych disorders.

Results in subperiostwal thinning and erosions

102
Q

Paget dz of bone

A

disorganized lamellar bone in mosaic pattern

Ca and Phosphorus are normal

103
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

osteoid matrix accumulation around trabecular

Excessive unminieralize ostoid

Low wine calcium

104
Q

Osteoperosis

A

trabecular thinning w/ fewer interconnections.

105
Q

HF with recent viral infection

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy caused by viral myocarditis - dilation and enlargement of heart chambers w/ decreased ventricular contractility

106
Q

Potassium perchlorate - competitively inhibits iodine transport

A

Prevent iodine from entering thyroid in hyperthyroidsm

107
Q

Amiodarone

A

can cause hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism- 40% iodine by weight.

Do TSH before intitiating treatment

108
Q

Acute salicylate toxicity

A

nausea/vomitting, confusion, dizziness, tinnitus, fever, tachypnea

  1. respiratory alkalosis
  2. anion gap metabolic acidosis - 12 hours later d/t organic acid accumulation in the blood

can have normal pH w/ decreased PaCO2 (res. alkalosis) and decreased HCO3 (metabolismc acidosis, bicarb bound by free floating acids.

109
Q

Germinomas - most common pineal gland tumor - present w/ obstructive hydrocephalus.

A

Midline malignant tumor in children

110
Q

Chlamydia treatment

A

Doxycycline OR azithromycin

+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea.

111
Q

Transketolase

A

Part of pentose phosphate pathway - uses thiamine as co-factor to shuttle 2 carbon fragments between sugars

112
Q

NK cells

A

Kill cells w/o MHC I - e.g. virus infected or tumor cells

Contain perforin and granzyme

Induce apoptosis of target cells

113
Q

Hox genes

A

DNA binding transcription factors - play role in segmental organization of embryo from cranial - caudal

114
Q

Vit D in skin

A

7-dehydrocholesterol –> cholecalciferol (D3) (occurs from sunlight in skin)

Cholecalciferol –> 25-hydroxyvitamin D (occurs via 25-hydroxylase in liver)

25-hydroxyvitamin D –? 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (active vit D, from 1-alpha-hydroxylase in Kidney’s)

115
Q

DEsmopressin/vasopressin

A

V2 mediates increase in water and urea permeability at medullary collecting duct

Increased urea reabsorption (decreased clearance) –> enhanced osmotic gradient –> maximally concentrated urine

Renal clearance of urea decreases most after vasopressin administration

116
Q

Buspirone

A

Slow onset of action

Partial agonist at 5HT1A receptor

used in GAD NOT panic disorder

No risk of tolerance/dependence

117
Q

quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide

A

Class IA anti-arrhythmics

Intermediate inhibition of phase O

Lengthens AP

118
Q

Lidocaine, mexelitine

A

Class IB anti-arrhythmics

Weak inhibition of phase 0

Shortened AP

119
Q

Flecainide, propafenone

A

Class IC anti-arrhythmics

Stron inhibition of phase 0

No change in AP

120
Q

11beta-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Hypertension - male appearing female genitalia (ambiguous) - increased androgens

121
Q

17 alpha hydroxyls deficiency

A

Hypertension - males have female genitalia due to lack of androgens

122
Q

21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Hypotension - male appearing female genitals (ambiguous) due to increased androgen production

123
Q

Bleeding in renal failure

A

Uremic toxins impair platelet aggregation and adhesion

Prolonged bleeding time w/ normal platelet count and all coag factors normal.

124
Q

CMV esophagitis

A

found in HIV patients - large, shallow, linear ulcerations

125
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Released in response to RAAS activation in CHF

Higher concentration in pulmonary vein than pulmonary artery.

Causes systemic vasoconstriction –> increase BP (increased after load)

Stimulates aldosterone release in kidney –> sodium retention –> increased afterload

Increasesd after load worsens CO

126
Q

Linezolid

A

MAO inhibitor used to treat G(+) vancomycin resistant enterococcus and MRSA

127
Q

Fibrates

A

reduce cholesterol solubility –> reduce bile acid synthesis –> gallstone formation

128
Q

MAC

A

Disseminated infection when CD4<50

Administer prophylactic azithromycin w/ CD4<50

129
Q

pneumocystis prophylaxis

A

CD4<200 - trimethoprim sulfmethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

130
Q

Toxoplasmasma gondii prophylaxis

A

CD4<100 - TMP-SMX

131
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum prophylaxis

A

CD4<150 - itraconazole (Ohio and Mississippi river valley’s)

132
Q

Charcot-bouchard aneurysm

A

a/w hypertension

Occurs in basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, pons

Causes intracerebral hemorrhage (vs. subarachnoid w/ berry)

Progressive neurologic defecits

133
Q

Optic disc edema

A

Pseudotumor cerebri

Increased ICP –> optic nerve compression –> impaired axoplasmic flow –> optic disc edema

134
Q

ESR

A

measures circulating levels of fibrinogen, which are increased by Il-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha (trigger hepatic release of acute phase proteins including fibrinogen).

135
Q

Lead poisoning in adults

A

Occupational exporuse

Microcytic anemia w/ normal iron studies - basophilic stippling

Abdominal pain, constipation, lead lines on gums, peripheral neuropathy, anemia.

136
Q

KRAS mutation

A

Constitutive actiavation of EGFR pathway –> promotes cell proliferation and growth.

Cells w/ KRAS mutation and resistant to anti-EGFR drugs (cetuxmiab and panitumumab)

137
Q

Arsenic poisoning

A

Imparis cellular respiration

Abdominal pain, vomitting, diarrhea, hypotension, GARLIC odor.

Found in insecticides

Dimercaprol - chelating agent for treatment.

138
Q

CN poisoning treatment

A

Hydroxycobalamin - forms cyanocobalamin which can be excreted in urine

139
Q

Iron overdose treatment

A

Deferoxamine - facilitates urinary iron excretion

140
Q

Pseudomonas treatment

A

cefepime, ceftazidime

Ticarcillin, piperacillin

SOME fluoroquinolone (chirp, levo) and carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem(

141
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta against - primarily beta-1

Increases HR and contractility –> increased myocardial O2 consumption

142
Q

Henoch scholen purpura

A

IgA mediated type II hypersensitivity following infection

Systemic vasculitis due to IgA immune complexes

Palpable lower extremity purport, abdominal pain, arthralgias, hematuria

143
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

Remnant of rathe pouch - suprasellar tumor

Colin, cystic, calcified

144
Q

Acute Hep A

A

Recent travel to endemic area

Prodrome: fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, RUQ pain

Cholestasis: jaundice, pruritus, dark urine, clay colored stools.

145
Q

Cheyne stokes breathing

A

In CHF - apnea followed by hypercapnia

146
Q

Indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma

A

Follicular - 14:18 translocation BCL-2 oncogene

Waxing and waning LAD

147
Q

Typhoid fever

A

Travel to somewhere endemic

escalating fever, diarrhea/constipation, abdominal pain, rose spots on chest/abdomen, hemorrhagic enteritis, possible hepatosplenomegaly

148
Q

Neurotransmitter inhibited from release in tetany

A

glycine and GABA

149
Q

Panic attack

A

Hyperventilation –> decreased CO2, increased O2

Causes cerebral vasoconstriction - hyperventilation is used as treatment in cerebral edema

150
Q

Dz w/ similar etiology to primary billiary cholangitis

A

Graft-versus host disease

lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of small and mid-sized intrahepatic bile ducts.

USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards (16 decks)

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