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USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards > NBME 18 > Flashcards

NBME 18 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ENDOTHELIN

A

Vasoconstrictor in Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Bosentan - Endothelin-1 antagonist used in treatment of PAH

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2
Q

Increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone and hyperkalemia

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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3
Q

Statins upregulate

A

Transcription of HMG0CoA reductase - adaptive cellular response

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4
Q

COPD

A

Decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase production

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5
Q

24,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

Storage from of vitamin D

Increased serum calcium –> increased storage for (24,25) AND decreased active (1,25)

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6
Q

Chronic kidney disease effect on kidney

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Decreased Vitamin D synthesis –> decreased serum calcium –> increase PTH, PO4-, and all those. HCO3-decreases

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7
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

H1 blocker (ranitidine is H2)

Has anti-muscarinic effects = motion sickness/nausea

Anti-alpha adrenergic

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8
Q

CCK release

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids

Acts on neural muscarinic pathways to cause pancreatic secretion.

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9
Q

Somatostatin

A

Released by D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

Decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion, pancreatic and small intestine fluiid secretion, gallbladder contraction, insulin and glucagon release

Increased by by acid 
Decreased by vagal stimulation

Inhibits secretion of various hormones. Octreotide is an analog used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and variceal bleeding.

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10
Q

Secretin

A

Released by S cells in Duodenum

Increased bicarb and bile acid secretion, decrease acid secretion

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11
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Alkylating agent - ant-cancer drug

AE’s: Hemorrhagic cystitis, SIADH, myelosuppression

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12
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Calcineurin inhibitor - blocks T cell activation and prevents IL-2 transcription

Used in transplant patients

AE’s: Nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, HTN, hyperlipidemia.

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13
Q

Tacrilomus

A

Similar to cyclosporine - Calcineurin inhibitor - binds FK506

NO gingival hyperplasia or hirsutism

HIGHLY nephrotoxic

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14
Q

Relation and germ cell origin of 3rd/4th branchial puches

A

Superior parathyroids - 4th pouch

Inferior parathyroids - 3rd pouch (with thymus)

4th pouch ends up ABOVE 3rd pouch

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15
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Obliteration of bone marrow with fibbrosis due to increased fibroblast activity.

Often associated with massive splenomegaly and “teardrop” RBCs

Dry tap

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16
Q

Cystocele

A

Prolapsed bladder

17
Q

Pseudocholinesterase deficiency

A

Impaired production of butyrylcholinesterase

Increased sensitivity to succinylcholine and mivacurium

USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards (16 decks)

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