Chapter 12- DNA and RNA

Question 1

What was the result ofGriffith’s experiment?

Answer 1

Scientists realized that since the ability to cause disease was inherited by the transformed bacteria’s offspring the transforming factor might be a gene

Question 2

What did Avery discover

Answer 2

That DNA stores and transfers DNA from one generation to the next

Question 3

What did Hershey and Chase work With in their famous experiment?

Answer 3

Bacteriophage

Question 4

Who proved the DNA composition

Answer 4

Chargoff

Question 5

What is DNA composed of

Answer 5

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nucleic acids: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 6

Who produced an x-ray shadow image of DNA

Answer 6

Franklin

Question 7

What two men were responsible for discovering the shape of DNA?
What did they call the shape?

Answer 7

Watson and Crick

Double Helix

Question 8

What is DNA like I’m prokaryotic cells

Answer 8

In one continuous loop in the cytoplasm

Question 9

What is chromatin

Answer 9

DNA when it’s all uncoiled

Question 10

What are histones

Answer 10

The circular protein that DNA coils around.

Question 11

When the DNA coils around the histones what is that structure called

Answer 11

Nucleosome

Question 12

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Answer 12

It acts like a pair of scissors that cuts the DNA in half. It also double checks and makes sure that the guanines match with The cytosines and the adenine match with the thymine

Question 13

mRNA

Answer 13

Messenger RNA

Question 14

What is mRNA’s job

Answer 14

It takes the mold of what the DNA gives it, then it leaves the nucleus, goes out into the cytoplasm, then it goes through the ribosomes

Question 15

tRNA

Answer 15

Transfer RNA

Question 16

What does tRNA do

Answer 16

Picks up amino acids and brings codon into ribosomes

Question 17

Codon

Answer 17

Group of three base pairs

Question 18

Two main parts of protein synthesis

Answer 18

Transcription

Translation

Question 19

Polypeptide

Answer 19

A grouping of amino acids (protein)

Question 20

A codon has how many nucleotides

Answer 20

3

Question 21

3 nucleotides make an

Answer 21

Amino acid

Question 22

Chains of amino acids

Answer 22

Proteins

Question 23

What is an anticodon

Answer 23

From transfer RNA and matches to the codon on the mRNA

Question 24

Point mutations

Answer 24

Created when one specific amino acid grouping is wrong in the sequence. (They occur at one point)

Question 25

Frameshift mutations

Answer 25

The reading frame of the genetic message moves one codon space. They often destroy the functionality of the produced proteins

Question 26

Chromosomal mutations

Answer 26

Change the location of the genes on the chromosomes

Question 27

The four types of chromosomal mutations

Answer 27

1. Deletion; missing a chunk of a chromosome so it can’t do its job properly
2. Duplication; accidental duplication of DNA affects it’s ability to make protein etc
3. Inversion; things move to the other side of the chromosome
4. Translocation; something moves from one chromosome to another (screws up two chromosomes)

Question 28

Cytogenetics

Answer 28

When people take cells from a baby or umbilical cord and sequence the chromosomes to check for defects

Question 29

Polyploidy

Answer 29

The condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes