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Human Anatomy > Chapter Two: The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

Study of all molecules

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2
Q

Biochemistry

A

Study of all molecules that compose living organisms

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3
Q

Element

A

Simplest form of matter to have a unique chemical property

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4
Q

6 main elements found in the body

A 
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Carbon 
Calcium 
Nitrogen
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5
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic elements that are extracted from soil by plants and passes up the food chain to humans

  • 4% of body weight
  • significant contribution to body structure
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6
Q

Electrolytes

A

Mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

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7
Q

Isotope

A

Varieties of an element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons

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8
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation

Every element has at least one

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9
Q

Radioactivity

A

Process of decay

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10
Q

Physical Half-Life…or radioisotopes

A

Time needed for 50% to decay into a stable state

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11
Q

Biological Half-Life…of a radioisotope

A

Time required for 50% to disappear from the body

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12
Q

Ion

A

Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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13
Q

Ionization

A

The transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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14
Q

Cation

A

Particles that lose electrons

POSITIVE CHARGE

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15
Q

Anion

A

Particles that gain an electron

NEGATIVE CHARGE

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16
Q

3 Important Characteristics of Electrolytes

A
  1. Chemical reactivity
  2. Osmotic effects(influence water movement)
  3. Electrical effects on nerve and muscular tissue
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17
Q

Free Radical

A

Short lived particles

odd number of electrons

Produced by normal metabolic reactions of the body, radiation, and by chemicals

Trigger reactions that destroy molecules

Cause tissue damage, aging, cancer, and heart problems

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18
Q

Antioxidants

A

Chemical that neutralizes free radicals

Created by the body and obtained in diet

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19
Q

Molecules

A

Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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20
Q

Compound

A

Molecules composed of two or more elements

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21
Q

Isomers

A

Identical molecular formula

different arrangement of atoms

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22
Q

What are the four types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent
Hydrogen
Ionic
Van def Walls force

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23
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction of a cation to an anion

Weak

Disassociates in water

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak attraction of slightly positive hydrogen in one molecule to an oxygen or nitrogen in another

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25
Q

Van der Walls Forces

A

Weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms

Weakest of all bonds

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26
Q

Single Covalent Bond

A

Sharing 1 electron

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27
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Share 2 electrons

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28
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei

Strongest bond

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29
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons more attracted to one nucleus over the other

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30
Q

Mixture

A

substances are physically blended
not chemically combined

(each substance keeps its own chemical properties

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31
Q

5 Properties of Water

A 
Thermal stability 
Adhesion 
Cohesion
Chemical reactivity 
Solvency
32
Q

3 Important Structural Aspects of Water

A
  1. Atoms are joined by polar Covalent bonds
  2. Molecule is V shaped with a 105 angle
  3. Individual water molecules joined by hydrogen but bonds
33
Q

Solvency

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

Water=”UNIVERSAL SOLVENT”

34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Dissolve in water

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Do not dissolve in water

36
Q

Adhesion

A

Tendency of one substance to cling to another

37
Q

Cohesion

A

Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

38
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

39
Q

Solvent

A

Substance doing the dissolving

40
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions

41
Q

Solutions

Properties?

A

Consists of solute and solvent

Properties

  • solute particles are so small(less that 1nm) that the solute and solvent cannot be visually distinguished from each other
  • transparent- do NOT scatter light
  • will pass through most membrane
  • particles will stay mixed
42
Q

Colloids

Properties?

A

In body generally a mix of protein and water

Properties

  • solute particles range from 1 to 100nm
  • scatter light-cloudy
  • particles can NOT pass through most selectively permeable membranes
  • particles will stay mixed
43
Q

Suspensions

Properties?

A

Blood is most common suspension in the body

Properties

  • solute particles are above 100nm
  • generally cloudy or opaque
  • particles can NOT pass through and selectively permeable membrane
  • particles will separate
44
Q

Acid

A

And proton donor

release H+

45
Q

Base

A

Any proton acceptor

Accepts H+

46
Q

pH

A

Negative logarithm of H+ molarity

0-14

Lower the pH the more hydrogen ions the solution has= more acidic

47
Q

Kinetic Energy

Example?
Types?

A

Energy in motion, energy doing work

Example: Water being released from a dam

Types:
Heat: energy of molecular motion
Electromagnetic energy: energy of moving packets of radiation called photons

48
Q

Potential Energy

Example?

Types?

A

Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time

Example: water behind a dam

Types:
Chemical Energy: stored in molecular bonds
Free Energy: available in a system to do useful work

49
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

50
Q

3 Types of Chemical Reactions

DES

A

Decomposition
Synthesis
Exchange Reactions

51
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

AB—> A+B

52
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

A+B—>AB

53
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

AB+CD—>ABCD—>AC+BD

54
Q

3 Things that Effect Reaction Rates

A
  1. Reactants are more concentrated
  2. The temperature rises
  3. Catalysts are present
55
Q

Catalysts

A

temporarily binds to reactants, hold them in orientations that facilitate the reaction

Speeds up reactions without changing itself

56
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy releasing decomposition reactions

  • breaks covalent bonds
  • produces smaller molecules
57
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy storing synthesis reactions

  • production of proteins and fats
  • driven by energy from catabolism
58
Q

Oxidation
&
Oxidizing Agent

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

Agent: the electron accepting molecule
* oxygen is a common electron acceptor

59
Q

Reduction
&
Reducing Agent

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

Agent: electrons donating molecule

60
Q

4 Carbon Compounds found in Body

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acid
61
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large organic molecule

62
Q

Polymer

A

Macromolecule made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunit called monomers

63
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Digestion

Breaks covalent bond that links monomers

Splitting polymer by adding water

64
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

How living cells form polymers

Takes water away to link monomers

65
Q

3 Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

66
Q

3 Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

67
Q

3 polysaccharides

Define each

A

Glycogen: energy storage in animals

  • only polysaccharide found in human tissue
  • made by liver after a meal

Starch: energy storage in plants
*significant digestible in human diet

Cellulose: structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell wall of plants

68
Q

5 Primary Lipids

STEP F

A 
Steroids
Triglycerides 
Eicosanoids
Phospholipids
Fatty acids
69
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

70
Q

Denaturation

A

Extreme conformational change that destroys function

71
Q

7 Functions of Protein

CCCSMRM

A 
Communication
Cell adhesion 
Catalyst 
Structure 
Movement 
Recognition and Protection 
Membrane Transport
72
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that function as biological catalysts

  • enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temp
  • can be altered by temp, pH
73
Q

Substrate

A

Substance an enzyme acts upon

74
Q

Cofactor

A

A non protein partner needed for the reaction

  • essential to function
  • bind to enzyme to take the proper “lock” formation
75
Q

Coenzyme

A

A cofactor that is organic

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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