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Microbiology > Ch1 Book > Flashcards

Ch1 Book Flashcards

1
Q

minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

microbes aka microorganisms

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2
Q

what do microbes include

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses

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3
Q

are microbes beneficial

A

yes the majority actually help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment

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4
Q

these are disease producing

A

pathogenic

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5
Q

this is a system for naming organisms

A

nomenclature

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6
Q

this was established in 1735 by Carolous Linnaeus

A

nomenclature

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7
Q

how does nomenclature assign names

A

genus (first name always capitalized) and species (follows and is not capitalized)

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8
Q

these are simple, single celled(unicellular) organisms that do not have genetic material enclosed in a nuclear membrane

A

bacteria

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9
Q

what do prokaryotes include

A

bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

this is rodlike bacteria

A

bacillus

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11
Q

this is spherical/ovoid bacteria

A

coccus

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12
Q

this is corckscrew or curved bacteria

A

spiral

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13
Q

this is a carbohydrate and protein complex in cell walls that enclose bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

this is the main substance of plant and algal cell walls

A

cellulose

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15
Q

bacterial reproduction that involves dividing into two equal parts

A

binary fission

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16
Q

appendage bacteria use to swim with

A

flagella

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17
Q

these consist of prokaryotic cells, have cell walls but do not have peptidoglycan

A

archaea

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18
Q

these are a type of archaea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

methanogens

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19
Q

these are a type of archaea that live in extremely salty environments

A

extreme halophiles

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20
Q

these are a type of archaea that live in hot sulfurous water

A

extreme thermophiles

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21
Q

these are not known to cause disease in humans

A

archaea

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22
Q

these are unicellular, eukaryotic, a variety of shapes and move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

A

protozoa

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23
Q

these move by using extensions of their cytoplasm

A

amebae

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24
Q

these live as free entities or parasites, some are photosynthetic and can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

protozoa

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25
Q

these are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and are unicellular

A

algae

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26
Q

how do algae reproduce

A

sexually and asexually

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27
Q

what composes the cell walls of algae

A

cellulose

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28
Q

what do algae produce and why is it important

A

oxygen and carbohydrates, important to the balance of nature

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29
Q

these can only be seen with an electron microscope and are acellualr

A

viruses

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30
Q

what does acellualr mean

A

not cellular

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31
Q

what is the core of viruses made of

A

nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) and surrounded by a protein coat(lipid membrane=envelope)

32
Q

are viruses considered living

A

only when they multiply within the hose they infect(inert ourtide living hosts)

33
Q

what are animal parasites

A

eukaryotic

34
Q

two groups of animal parasites are what

A

flat worms and round worms(helminths)

35
Q

who devised a system based on cellular organization of an organism and when

A

Carl Woese in 1978

36
Q

these have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

37
Q

these have cell walls(if present) that lack peptidoglycan

A

archaea

38
Q

what does eukrya include

A

protists, fungi, plants and animals

39
Q

in 1665 he used compound microscope to see individual cells this marked the beginning of cell theory

A

robert hooke

40
Q

all living things are composed of cells

A

cell theory

41
Q

he observed live microbes between 1673-1723 and made detailed drawings of animalcules that represent bacteria and protozoa

A

anton van leeuvenhoek

42
Q

belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter

A

spontaneous generation

43
Q

he tried to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously in 1668

A

francesco redi

44
Q

in 1745 he found that even after heating nutrient fluid the flasks held microorganisms

A

john needham

45
Q

claim that living cells can arise fro preexisting living cells

A

biogenesis

46
Q

in 1861 his curved neck trapped any airborne microorganisms that might contaminate the broth

A

Louis Pasteur

47
Q

techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes

A

aseptic techniques

48
Q

when was the golden age of microbiology and what did it do

A

1857-1914 and it established microbiology as a science

49
Q

yeast converts sugars to alcohol in the absence of air
used to make wine and beer
bacteria can change alcohol into vinegar

A

fermentation

50
Q

reduce spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk and some alcohols

A

pasteurization

51
Q

principle that microorganisms cause disease

A

germ theory of disease

52
Q

aka carbolic acid
kills bacteria
began being used in 1860s to treat surgical wounds

A

phenol

53
Q

in 1876 he discovered bacteria actually causes disease

discovered bacillus

A

robert koch

54
Q

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

A

antibiotics

55
Q

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab

A

synthetic drugs

56
Q

example of synthetic drug

A

penicillin, antibiotic produced by a fungus

57
Q

study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

58
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

59
Q

parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

60
Q

the study of all of an organism’s genes

A

genomics

61
Q

study of immunity

A

immunology

62
Q

study of viruses

A

virology

63
Q

showed that fragments of animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA

A

Paul Berg

64
Q

a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources

A

recombinant DNA

65
Q

mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits

A

microbial genetics

66
Q

studies how genetic info is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

A

molecular biology

67
Q

are microorganisms pathogenic

A

only a small minority, most benefit humans and plants

68
Q

what is the only thing that can naturally convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form available to plants and animals

A

bacteria

69
Q

inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells

A

gene therapy

70
Q

the ability to ward off disease

A

resistance

71
Q

complex aggregation of microbes

A

biofilm

72
Q

disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host

A

infectious disease

73
Q

diseases that are new and are increasing

A

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

74
Q

disease that affects large number of individuals in a short period of time and occurs worldwide

A

global pandemic disease

75
Q

what has become a global health crisis

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

Microbiology (26 decks)

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