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psych 208 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior throughout the lifespan

A
  • What is lifespan development?
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2
Q

experts in lifespan development focus on…

A
  • Biological processes and/or physical growth
  • Genetic endowment
  • Cognitive development
  • Social development
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3
Q
  • Approaches to lifespan development
A
  • Orientation

* Physical development

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4
Q
  • Defining characteristics
A

Emphasizes how the brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities, and needs for food, drink, and sleep, affect behavior

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5
Q
  • Ages ranges and individual differences
A
  • Prenatal period
  • Infancy and toddlerhood
  • All the way to late adulthood
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6
Q
  • What are the influences on development?
A
  • History graded influences- depression era
  • Age-graded influences- grandparents, 9/11
  • Sociocultural-graded influences- cell phones
  • Non-normative life events- childhood abuse or trauma, death of parent
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7
Q
  • Change is gradual
  • Achievements at one level build on previous level
  • Underlying developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan
A
  • Continuous Change
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8
Q
  • Change occurs in distinct steps or stages

* Behavior and processes are qualitatively different at different stages

A
  • Discontinuous Change
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9
Q
  • Certain environments stimuli necessary for normal development
  • A particular event will have the greatest consequences (reading)
  • Emphasized by early developmentalists
A
  • Critical Periods
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10
Q
  • People susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but absence of stimuli is reversible
  • Current emphasize in lifespan development
A
  • Sensitive Periods
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11
Q

Emphasis on the role/genetics inherited traits and abilities

A

Nature

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12
Q

Emphasis on environmental factors affecting individual’s development

A

Nurture

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13
Q

broad organized, explanation and prediction of a phenomenon that provides a framework for understanding

A

theory

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14
Q
  • Theorist- Sigmund Freud
  • Developmental perspective- Behavior is motived by inner forces, memory, or conflicts that a personal has little awareness or control. Focused on birth to adolescents
  • Basic principal/key terms- id, ego, superego, unconscious behavior
  • Example- divorced parents, you don’t want to marry because you think it’ll never work out
A

Psychoanalytical

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15
Q
  • Theorist- Erikson
  • Developmental perspective- 8 stages, we encounter a crisis to push us to mastery in that stage before we go to the next stage. Range is our whole life
  • Basic principal/key terms- Crisis, interactions with other people, greater understanding of ourselves through those interactions
  • Example- Later in life you reflect back and see all your accomplishments, but you might have regrets about what you didn’t do
A

Psychosocial

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16
Q
  • Theorist- classical- Watson. Operant- skinner
  • Developmental perspective- classical- Inspired by Pavlov, dogs cued by bell- bell. We see in life where cues trigger our behaviors. Operant- voluntary or learned.
  • Basic principal/key terms- classical- cues. Operant- consequences.
  • Example- classical- little Albert with the loud noises to fear white furry things. Operant- positive- do well on your assignment, here’s candy. Negative- drinking because of stress
A
  • Conditioning- classical, operant (behavioral)
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17
Q
  • Theorist- Bandura
  • Developmental perspective- Learn from your environment, model what you see. Models demonstrate reinforcement or punishments
  • Basic principal/key terms- Model, powerful examples, behavior is increased or decreased based on reinforcement
  • Example- 5 year old injures someone else due to a wrestling move he saw on TV
A
  • Social learning theory
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18
Q
  • Theorist- J. Piaget
  • Developmental perspective- Processes to know, understand, change when children move one stage to the next. Children make small changes in behavior that forces change in the brain
  • Basic principal/key terms- Assimilation/accumulation
  • Example- Peek a boo with a baby, baby’s brain cannot grasp you are still present with your hands over your face. Animals hiding with half their body out, they don’t know
A

Cognitive

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19
Q
  • Theorist- C. Rogers/Maslow
  • Developmental perspective- People like to be looked at in a positive way. People always try to better themselves to grow
  • Basic principal/key terms- Self actualization, unconditional positive regard
  • Example- Keeping people in your life who give you that low and positive regard telling you you’re valued, loved, and supported
A

Humanistic

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20
Q
  • Theorist- C. Darwin/C. Lorenz
  • Developmental perspective- Survival of the fittest
  • Basic principal/key terms- adaptable
  • Example- Eat when hungry even when we don’t need to
A

Evolutionary

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21
Q
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan
A
  • Psychophysiological methods
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22
Q

caffeine example, group, variable, independent dependent

A
  • Treatment/experimental (people with caffeine)
    • Control (group without caffeine)
  • Variables
    • Independent (caffeine) what you manipulate
    • Dependent (test scores) measure
  • Random assignment to experimental conditions- used for fairness, variety, eliminate bias.. some students might be used to caffeine
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23
Q
  • Measuring individual change
A
  • Longitudinal studies
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24
Q
  • Measuring people of different ages at the same point in time
A
  • Cross-sectional studies
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25
Q
  • A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
A
  • Sequential studies
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26
Q

the code of life

A

Genes and chromosomes

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27
Q

Fused gametes (male and female reproduction cells) create a

A

zygote (* Ovum and sperm)

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28
Q
  • (2 billion+ chemical coded messages begin creation of human)
A
  • Combination of genetic instructions
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29
Q
  • Humans receive about____ genes, contained __ chromosomes, __ pairs
A

25,000
46
23

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30
Q

specific sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) on our chromosomes

A

Genes

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31
Q
  • Different forms of genes

* (Brown hair, blue eyes)

A

Alleles

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32
Q

underlying combination of genetic material in offspring

A

Genotype

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33
Q

allele contains similar genes from each parent

A

Homozygous

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34
Q

allele contains different forms of genes from parents

A

Heterozygous

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35
Q

observable trait

A

Phenotype

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36
Q

expressed

A

dominant trait

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37
Q

not expressed

A

recessive trait

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38
Q

determined by many genes

A

Polygenic trait

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39
Q

identical; share same genes and composition

A

Monozygotic

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40
Q

ferternal

A

Dizygotic

41
Q
  • Causes of multiple births
A
  • Fertility drugs

* Individual difference (racial, ethnic, and national)

42
Q

XX pairing

A

girl

43
Q

XY pairing

A

boy

44
Q
  • Studies the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics
A

behavioral genetics

45
Q
  • Alzheimers disease
    • Tay-sachs disease
    • Muscular dystrophy
    • ALS
    • Sickle-cell anemia
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Fragile X syndrome
    • Hemophilia
A
  • DNA-bases genetic tests
46
Q
  • When the development deviates from the norm

* Causes

A
  • Genetics
  • Spontaneous mutation
  • Environmental insult
47
Q

Sample of amniotic fluid; taysachs, spina bifida, sickle cell, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Rh diease

A
  • Aminocentesis 15th-20th week
48
Q

Needle or catheter inserted into the placenta; removal of wispy, hair like tissue. Tissue separated (material and fetal) to make a strand of fetal chromosome

A
  • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) 8th-11th week
49
Q
  • High frequency sound waves detect structural abnormalities, multiples, measure fetal growth, gestational age
A
  • Ultrasound throughout pregnancy
50
Q

shortest stage fertilized egg = blastocyst

  • Travels to and implants in the uterus
  • Characterized by methodical cell division
  • And cell specialization
A
  • Fertilization —> 2 weeks

germinal stage

51
Q
  • Organism firmly secures to uterus

* Major organs and basic anatomy

A
  • Embryonic stage

* 2 weeks —> 8 weeks

52
Q

skin, hair, teeth, sensory organs, brain, spinal cord

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system

A
  • Endoderm;
54
Q

muscle, bones, blood, circulatory system

A

Mesoderm

55
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal
embryonic
fetal stage

56
Q
  • Differentiation of major organs
    * Rapid development
    * Organs not only differentiated but begin working
    * Interconnections more complex and integrated
    * Brain becomes more sophisticated
A
  • Fetal stage

* 8 weeks —> birth

57
Q

IVF GIFT, ZIFT- modifications of IVF

A

infertility

58
Q
  • Spontaneous termination of pregnancy

* 15-20% of all pregnancy

A

Miscarriage

59
Q
  • Voluntary termination of pregnancy

* 1 in 5 pregnancies

A

abortion

60
Q

Mother’s prenatal influence

A
  • Diet
  • Age
  • Prenatal support
  • Health
  • Drug use
    • Doctor recommended medications (DES, thalidomide)
  • Alcohol use
    • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) / Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
  • Tobacco use
61
Q
  • Oxytocin and other hormones triggered

* Uterus contracts

A
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
62
Q
  • Labor initiation

* Braxton-hicks

A

Contractions

63
Q

1st- uterine contractions stage of labor

A

8-10 minutes for 30 seconds; toward end, every 2 minutes lasting 2 minutes. Transition: cervix (between uterus & vagina) widens

64
Q

2nd stage of labor

A

baby head moves through cervix and birth canal (90 minutes) & ends as baby leaves mother’s body

65
Q

3rd stage of labor

A

umbilical cord and placenta expelled from mother’s body. Quickest and easiest stage

66
Q

moment of birth?

A

second the baby leaves the mothers body

67
Q

Braxton hicks contractions

A

fake contractions

68
Q

MD who specialize in birthing babies (& prenatal care)

A

Obstetrician-

69
Q

nurses with specialized credentials in delivering babies

A

Midwife

70
Q

series of breathing exercises and visualization to help women in process of delivery naturally

A

Lamaze birthing techniques-

71
Q

partner coaching or husband coaching that coaches that women giving birth

A

Bradley method

72
Q

people undergo hypnosis and develop skills to hypnotize themselves to help them during birth

A

Hypnobirthing

73
Q

give birth in bathtub or shallow pool; eases transition for the baby, less stressed and trauma for baby

A

Water birthing

74
Q
  • Epidural anesthesia
A
  • Effects
    • Reduces/eliminates pain associated with labor
    • Sometimes slows labor
75
Q

preterm babies are before ___ weeks

A

38

76
Q

so small weight because ….

A

lungs didn’t fully grow

77
Q

Low birth-weight infants weight

A

(less than 2,500 gems- 5 1/2 lbs)

78
Q

outcomes of preterm infants

A
  • Majority eventually develop normally

* Tempo of development may proceed more slowly

79
Q
  • Very low birthweight infants

around what weight and how soon ?

A

Smallest survivors
* Most vulnerable; immaturity of organ systems
* Weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 1/4 lbs)
30 weeks or less

80
Q
  • Risk reduction strategies of very low birthweight infants
A
  • High quality care
  • Responsive, stimulation, and organized care
  • Massage
81
Q

word for newborn

A

neonate

82
Q
  • intervening in the process of birth
    • Procedure
      • Baby is surgically removed from uterus
A

cesarean delivery

83
Q

rationale of cesarean delivery

A
  • Occurs most frequently when fetal stress appears
  • More prevalent in older mothers
  • In some cases, related to position in birth canal, breech, transverse
  • Routine use of fetal monitor
84
Q

risks of cesarean delivery

A
  • Major surgery for mother, longer recovery

* Reduced stress-related hormones for neonate

85
Q

Our global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment (David Wechsler, 1939)
Reflected in effective, rational, and goal-directed behaviorCloser the genetic link, the greater correspondence between IQ scores

A

intelligence

86
Q

identify children struggling in school and determine effective helpmeasure different mental abilities; memory, attention, and the ability to understand similarities and differences

A

French government contract

Alfred binet

87
Q

average age of which the concepts were answered correctly

A

mental age

88
Q

combines verbal and performance measures

A

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)

89
Q

•Learning DisordersDifficulties in acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

A

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (KABC-II)

90
Q

consistent results (norms)

A

Reliability

91
Q

measures or predicts what is intended to measure or predict

A

Validity

92
Q

street smarts or common sense; watch others and model behavior

A

Practical intelligence

93
Q

individuals understand and respond appropriately to their feelings and those of others

A

Emotional intelligence

94
Q

Opposed psychometrics which correlate well with academic success but little else

A

cognitive approach

95
Q

problem solving using formulas, choosing strategies, prior learning

A

Componential

96
Q

using prior experience to cope with new challenges

A

Experiential

97
Q

effectively discerning and adapting to the real world in the moment

A

Contextual

98
Q

the ability to determine which mode of thinking is the best for the circumstance

A

METACOGNITION

psych 208 (3 decks)

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