exam 2 Flashcards
basics of Piagets theory
Knowledge is the product of action
- Physical maturation and exposure to experiences
- Naturalistic observation
- All children pass through a series of 4 stages from birth through adolescence
- Mental structure- organize patterns of functioning
* Adapt and change with development
scheme
- Event or stimulus is acted upon, perceiver, and understood according to existing scheme
Assimilation
- Change is existing ways of thinking, understanding, or behaving; modification of scheme
Accommodation
- Six stages
- Individual differences
- Transitions include characteristics of previous/subsequent stages
Sensorimotor period
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 1
Simple reflexes
- First month of life
- Inform reflexes
- Sucking
- Grasping
- Orientating
- Movements are random- but some reflexes will begin to accommodate the infants experiences
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 2
First habits- primary circular reactions
- 1 to 4 months of age
- Reflexes become sensorimotor schemes
- Coordinate separate actions
- Circular reactions- chance event leads to cognitive scheme
- Primary circular reaction
- Activities of interest repeated
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 3
Secondary circular reactions
- 4 to 8 months
- Babies realize they are separate from the world
- Infant activity involves actions related to external world
- Dropping and throwing schemes, repetition
- Actions have reaction; cooing makes mom smile, hitting mobile makes it move
- Secondary circular actions
- Schemes of repeated actions causes a desirable consequence
- Actions are not intentional
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 4
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
- 8 to 12 months
- Intentional and goal-directed behavior
- Several schemes combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
- Means to attain particular ends and skill in anticipating future circumstances
- Mastering object performance
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 5
Tertiary circular reactions
- 12 to 18 months
- Development of schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences
- Carrying out miniature experiments to observe consequences
Sensorimotor Period: Sub-stage 6
Beginnings of thought
- 18 months to 2 years
- Capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought
- Understanding causality
- Ability to pretend
- Deferred imitation
Preoperational Thinking
- Ages 2 to 7 years
- Time of stability and change
- Use of operations at the end of this stage
- Ability to use symbols, words, or objects to represent something that is not physically present
- Symbolic function
- Preschoolers do not understand that others have different perspectives from their own
Egocentrism
- Lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective
egocentrism
- Failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings, and points of view that differ from theirs
egocentrism
leads preschoolers to believe that they know answers to all kinda of questions, but there is little or no logical basis and their reasoning is primitive
- Curiosity blossoms and answers to a wide variety of questions are sought
- Children often act as authorities on particular topics
intuitive thought
what you see is what you think
- the key element and limitation of preschool thinking
- Involved inability to consider all available information about stimulus
- Superficial, obvious elements within sight
centration
- Learning that appearances are deceiving
- The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to arrangement and physical appearance
- Transformation: one state changed into another
- Santa Claus
conservation
- 7-12 years
- Active and appropriate use of logic
- Conservation mastered
- Decentering- less egocentric, can consider multiple aspect or perspectives
- Identity and reversibility- things stay the same regardless of shape, size, and appearance
concrete operational thought
formal operational stage
- 12-15 years
- The ability to think beyond the concrete, current situation
- Ability to consider abstract possibilities
- Tolerate some ambiguity
- Deductive reasoning
- Propositional though- if/then scenarios
- All rectangles have four lines, all squares are rectangles, all squares have four lines
- Use of formal operational stage begins in adolescence but emerges 3 things
- Physical maturation
- Environmental experience
- Adolescents’ job to question authority j
Children begin to grow intellectually and act independently because of the assistance adults and peer partners provide
* Cognitive growth is the result of exposure to information
vygotsky
social interactions help children learn so they are…
children are apprentices guided in participation
- New information = challenging enough to be intriguing; does not overwhelm
- Greater improvement with help; greater improvement within
(acquired skills into mastery skills, ex. reading)
zone of proximal development
support for learning and problem solving encourages independence/overall cognitive growth
(making cookies, helping the child, you put tray in oven- helps them learn how to cook)
Scaffolding
- Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual
- Most important aspect of infant social development
attachment
describe harry harlowes monkey matter
Baby monkeys taken away from mother and giving option of wood monkey covered in cloth or food. Babies chose cloth because it was about that comfort and nothing else matter but that comfort
- Earliest human research = needs for safety and security
- Attachment = home base who best provides safety and security
- Children gain independence roam further from secure base
Bowlby
Ainsworth’s work to measure attachment
Sequence of staged episodes that illustrate strength of attachment between child and (typically) mother
children with stranger and attachment leaves. then child is relieved when mother or attachment comes back
strange situation
- Securely attached; mother will leave and will come to distress, but knows she will come back in attachment
secure